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in his lifetime; the vast number of engravings that have made his face one of the most familiar of all time have been mostly copied from photo- graphs. The one on page 715 is from a photograph taken in 1858. There are portraits from life by Frank B. Carpenter, by Matthew Wilson, by Thom- as Hicks, and an excellent crayon drawing by Barry. Since his death G. P. A. Healy, William Page, and others have painted portraits" of him. There are two authentic life-masks : one made in 1858 by Leonard W. Volk (see illustration on page 723), who also executed a bust of Mr. Lincoln before his election in 1860, and another by Clark Mills short- ly before the assassination. There are already a number of statues : one by Henry Kirke Brown in Union square, New York (see page 720) ; another by the same artist in Brooklyn ; one in the group called " Emancipation," by Thomas Ball, in Lin- coln Park, Washington, D. C, a work which has •especial interest as having been paid for by the contributions of the freed people; one by Mrs. Vinnie Ream Hoxie in the Capitol ; one by Au- gustus St. Gaudens in Chicago, set up in Chicago, 22 Oct., 1887; and one by Randolph Rogers in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (see illustration on page 721). There is a bust by Thomas D. Jones, modelled from life in 1860.

The Lincoln bibliography is enormous, compris- ing thousands of volumes. See John Russell Bartlett's "Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets relating to the Civil War in the United States " {Boston, 1866). The most noteworthy of the lives of Lincoln already published are those of Joseph H. Barrett (Cincinnati, 1865) ; Henry J. Raymond {New York, 1865) ; Josiah G. Holland (Springfield, Mass., 1866) ; Ward H. Lamon (onlv the first volume, Boston, 1872) ; William 0. Stoddard (New York, 1884) ; and Isaac N. Arnold (Chicago, 1885). Briefer lives have also been written by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mr. D. W. Bartlett, Charles G. Leland, John Carroll Power, and others. The most extensive work upon his life and times yet attempted is now (1887) in process of serial publication in the " Cen- tury " magazine, by his private secretaries, John G. Nicolay and John Hay ; and the same writers are engaged in the preparation of a complete edition of all his writings, speeches, and letters. — His wife, Mary Todd, b. in Lexing- ton, Ky.. 12 Dec, 1818; d. in Spring- field, 111.. 16 July, 1 182, was the daugh- ter of Robert S. Todd,

whose family were

among the most influential of the pioneers of Kentucky and Illinois. Her great-uncle, John Todd, was one of the associates of Gen. George Rogers Clark, in his campaign of 1778, and took part in the capture of Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Being appointed county lieutenant by Patrick Hen- ry, at that time governor of Virginia, he organized the civil government of what became afterward the state of Illinois. He was killed in the battle of Blue Licks, 18 Aug., 1782, of which his brother Levi, Mrs. Lincoln's grandfather, who also accom- panied Clark's expedition as a lieutenant, was one of the few survivors. Mary Todd was carefully ed- ucated in Lexington. When twenty-one years of age she went to Springfield to visit her sister, who had married Ninian W. Edwards, a son of Ninian Edwards, governor of the state. While there she became engaged to Mr. Lincoln, whom she married, 4 Nov., 1842. Her family was divided by the civil war ; several of them were killed in battle ; and, de- voted as Mrs. Lincoln was to her husband and the National cause, this division among her nearest kin- dred caused her much suffering. The death of her son, William Wallace, in 1862, was an enduring sor- row to her. One of her principal occupations was visiting the hospitals and camps of the soldiers about Washington. She never recovered from the shock of seeing her husband shot down before her eyes ; her youngest son, Thomas, died a few years later, and her reason suffered from these repeated blows. She lived in strict retirement during her later years, spending part of her time with her son in Chicago, a part in Europe, and the rest with her sister, Mrs. Edwards, in Springfield, where she died of paralysis.— Their son, Robert Todd, lawyer, b. in Springfield, Ill., 1 Aug., 1843, was prepared for college at Phillips Exeter academy, and grad- uated at Harvard in 1864. He entered Harvard law-school, but after a short stay applied for ad- mission to the mili- tary service, and his father suggested his appointment on the staff of Gen. Grant, as a volunteer aide- de-camp without pay or allowances. This exceptional position

did not meet with

Gen. Grant's approval, and at his suggestion young Lincoln was regularly commissioned as a captain, and entered the service on the same foot- ing with others of his grade. He served with zeal and efficiency throughout the final campaign, which ended at Appomattox. At the close of the war he resumed the study of law, was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and practised his profession with success in Chicago until 1881, with an interval of a visit to Europe in 1872 ; he steadily refused the offers that were repeatedly made him to enter public life, though taking part, from time to time, in political work and discussion. In 1881, at the invitation of President Garfield, he entered his cabinet as secretary of war. Mr. Lincoln, who, sixteen years before, had returned from the field just in "time to stand by the death-bed of his father, assassinated while president, now had this strange experience repeated upon the assassina- tion of President Garfield, a few months after his inauguration. On the accession of Vice-President Arthur to the presidency. Mr. Lincoln was the only member of the former cabinet who was re- quested to retain his portfolio, anil he did so to the end of the administration. He performed the duties of the place with such ability and fairness, and with such knowledge of the law and apprecia- tion of the needs of the army, as to gain the warm- est approbation of its officers and its friends. Note- wort hy incidents of his administration of the civil duties' of the department were his report to the house of representatives upon its challenge to him to justify President Arthur's veto of the river and harbor bill of 1882, and the thoroughness