mathematics and natural philosophy in the uni- versity of Alabama, and afterward of chemistry till 1854. The same year he took orders in the Episcopal church. He then became professor of mathematics and astronomy in the university of Mississippi, of which institution iie was elected president in 1856. In 1861 Dr. Barnard left Mississip- pi, and in 1864 hebecamepres- ident of Co- lumbia college, New York. He was U. S. com- missioner to the univer- sal exposition at Paris in 1867, and pub- lished an elab- orate " Report on Machinery and Industrial Arts " (New York, 1869) ; and he was also U. S. assistant commissioner-
general to the
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Paris exposition of 1878. His other principal works are : " Treatise on Arithmetic " (1880) ; " Analytic Grammar with Symbolic Illustration " (1836), ori- ginating a system still used in the principal insti- tutions for the deaf and dumb ; various reports, essays, etc., on collegiate and university education, including a volume of " Letters on Collegiate Gov- ernment " (1855) ; " Ilistoiy of the United States Coast Survey " (1857) ; " Recent Progress of Science " (1869) ; " The Metric System " (1871) ; and " Imagi- nary Metrological System of the Great Pyramid " (1884). In 1860 he was a member of the expedition to observe the eclipse of the sun in Labrador ; in 1862 was engaged in reducing observations of stars in the southern hemisphere; and in isi;:] had charge of the publication of charts and maps of the U. S. coast sur- vey. In 1860 he was elected president of the Ameri- can association for the advancement of science, in 1865 of the board of experts of the American bureau of mines, and in 1872 of the American institute. He was one of the original corporators named in the charter of the national academy of sciences, and from 1874 to 1880 was foreign secretary of that body. In 1855 he received the degree of LL. D. from Jefferson college. Miss., and in 1859 from Yale ; in 1861 that of D. D. from the university of Mississippi ; and in 1872 that of doctor of literature from the regents of the university of the state of New York. He contributed to the " American Journal of education " from its beginning, and to " Silliman's Journal " since 1837. The engraving gives a partial view of the old and the new build- ings of Columbia college.
BARNARD, Henry, educator, b. in Hartford,
Conn., 24 Jan., 1811. He was graduated at Yale in
1830, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and from
1837 to 1840 sat in the Connecticut legislature,
where he advocated reforms in prisons, insane asy-
lums, and the common schools. He effected a re-
organization of the public-school system, introduc-
ing school-houses of improved construction, high
schools, teachers' institutes, a normal academy, and
new methods of instruction. He also secured the
adoption of similar reforms in other states. From
1838 to 1842 he was secretary of the board of
school commissioners in Connecticut ; from 1843
to 1849 school commissioner of Rhode Island ;
from 1850 to 1854 superintendent of the Connecti-
cut state schools ; from 1857 to 1859 president of
the state university of Wisconsin ; in 1865 and
1866 of St. John's college in Annapolis ; and from
1867 till 1870 U. S. commissioner of education.
In Rhode Island, where the right of taxation for
school purposes had been denied for 200 years, he
revolutionized public opinion so completely that
a system of public education as complete as in any
of "the original New England states was adopted
by the vote of two-thirds of the tax-payers in each
town. While secretary of the school board he
established the " Coiniecticut Common School
Journal," and while in Rhode Island he issued the
" Rhode Island School Journal." In 1855 he began
the publication of the " American Journal of Edu-
cation." His published works aie "School Archi-
tecture" (1839 ; 10th ed.. Hartford, 1886) ; " Nation-
al Education " (1840) ; " Practical Illustrations of
School Architecture," "' Report on Public Schools
in Rhode Island " (1845 and 1848) ; " Documentary
History of Public Schools in Providence " ; " Edu-
cation and Employment of Children in Factories " ;
" Normal Schools and Teachers' Institutes " (1850) ;
"National Education in Europe" (New York,
1854) ; " Normal Schools in the United States and
Europe " ; " History of Education in Connecti-
cut from 1638 to 1854"; "Educational Biogra-
phy" (1857); "Papers for Teachers"; "Military
Schools " ; " Technical and Scientific Education " ;
" American Pedagogy " ; " Discourses on the Life
and Character of T, H. Gallaudet " ; " Tribute to
Dr. Gallaudet, with History of the American
Asylum " ; " Hints and Methods for the Use of
Teachers"; "American Teachers"; "Elementary
and Secondary Instruction in Switzerland, France,
Belgium," etc. ; " English Pedagogy " ; " French
Teachers, Schools, and Pedagogy " ; " German
Teachers and Educational Reformers " ; " Life of
Ezekiel Cheever, and Notes on the Free Schools of
New England " ; " American Journal of Educa-
tion" (1856-86); "Kindergarten and Child Cul-
ture Papers " ; " Object-Teachmg and Oral Lessons
on Social Science and Common Things" (New
York, 1861) ; " Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism "
(1861) ; " Primary Schools and Elementary Instruc-
tion " ; " School Codes " ; " Science and Art " ;
" Superior Instruction in Different Countries."
From 1873 till 1886 Mr. Barnard devoted himself
to revising his special treatises and completing
others begun and developed in the "Journal of
Education." In 1886 he announced a collected
edition of his publications, under the title " The
American Library of Schools and Education," in
52 volumes, comprising over 800 individual trea-
tises, each of which is also published separately.
BARNARD, Isaac Dariington, senator, b. in
Aston, Pa., 18 July, 1791 ; d. in Westchester, Pa.. 28
Feb., 1834. He began to study law in Chester, Pa.,
after receiving a common-school education; but
the war of 1812 intervening before he was quali-
fied for the bar, he accepted a captaincy in the
14th infantrv, 12 March, 1812. He served with
distinction at the capture of Fort George, Canada
(27 Mav, 1813), and at Lyon's creek (19 Oct., 1814),
after which engagement he was promoted major.
In 1815 he resumed his legal studies, was admitted
to the bar in 1816, and appointed deputy attorney-
general in 1817. Three years later he was elected
to the state senate. In 1826 he became secretary
of state for Pennsylvania, and m 1827 was chosen
U. S. senator, resigning in 1831.
