litical Economy " (3 vols., 1837-'40). His succeed- ing works are " The Credit System in France, Great Britain, and the United States" (1838); "Answers to the Questions, What constitutes Cur- rency ? What are the Causes of its Unsteadiness f and What is the Remedy ? " a jiamphlet (1840) ".The Past, the Present, and the Future " (1848) " The Harmony of Interests " (New York, 1852) " The Slave-Trade, Domestic and Foreign : Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished"; " Letters on International Copyright " (Philadel- phia, 1853 ; new ed., 1868) ; " Letters to the Presi- dent on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union, and its Effects, as exhibited in the Condi- tion of the People and the States " (1858) ; " Prin- ciples of Social Science" (3 vols., 1858-'9); "A Series of Letters on Political Economy " (I860 ; another series, 1865) ; " The Way to Outdo Eng- land without Fighting her " (1865) ; " Review of the Decade 1857-'67" (1867); "Review of Wells's Report" (1868); "Shall we have Peace?" (1869). For several years he also contributed the leading papers in " The Plough, Loom, and Anvil," a monthly periodical published in New York, some of which were afterward collected in his " Har- mony of Interests." He wrote also frequently for the principal newspapers of the country, on sub- jects connected with his special study. His " Mis- cellaneous Works " were published in one volume in 1869. His latest book is " The Unity of Law " (1872). The most important of these woi'ks have been translated into German. French, Italian, Russian, and Spanish (the " Principles of Social Science " into German by Adler, Berlin, 1863-'4 ; others bv Diiliring, 1865)."
CARHART, Henry Smith, physicist, b. in
Coeyman's, 1^. Y., 27 March, 1844. He was gradu-
ated at Wesleyan university in 1869, and since has
studied variously at the universities of Yale, Har-
vard, and Berlin. From 1869 to 1871 he taught
Latin in Claveraek college, and in 1872 he became
instructor of civil engineering and physics in the
Northwestern university, Evanston, 111. In 1873
he was made full professor of physics, and from
1876 till 1886 was also professor of chemistry. He
became in 1886 professor of physics at the Universi-
ty of Michigan. During 1881-'2 he studied in Eu-
rope, and was a member of the International jury
of award at the electrical exhibition, Paris. Prof.
Carhart has contributed to the " Popular Science
Monthly," " American Journal of Science," and
other scientific periodicals, and is a member of the
American association for the advancement of
science, and of the American electrical society, to
whose proceedings he has frequently contributed.
CARHART, Jeremiah, inventor, b. in Dutchess
county, N. Y., in September, 1813 ; d. in New York
city, i6 Aug., 1868. His first years were spent
upon a farm, and he received no extended educa-
tion ; but at the age of fifteen years he learned the
trade of cabinet-making, and, being a natural me-
chanic, became a skilful workman, and especially
an adept in the use of the lathe. He removed to
Buffalo, N. Y., and made several inventions be-
tween the years 1836 and 1846, including the ex-
haustion-bellows and tubular reed-board that are
now used by all American makers of reed-instru-
ments. Mr. Carhart then formed a partnership
with E. P. Needham, and began to manufacture
melodeons in Bufi^alo. The firm of Carhart and
Needham afterward removed to New York city,
and, in addition to making melodeons and organs,
manufactured ingenious machinery for making
reeds and reed-boards for these instruments, the
invention of Mr. Carhart.
CARHEIL, Etienne de, missionary, b. in
France in the first half of the 17th century ; d. in
Quebec in 1726. He arrived in Canada in 1666,
was sent to Cayuga in 1668, and founded a mission
among the Hurons. His converts among the sav-
ages were few, although he mastered their lan-
guage thoroughly, and was regarded by them as a
saint and a man of genius. He wrote a vocabulary
of the Cayuga language and published a catechism
in several of the kindred dialects. He was plun-
dered and expelled by the Cayugas in 1684, and
was then sent to the Ottawa tribes. It was said
that he spoke the Iroquois language better than
his own, and there was scarcely a dmlect in North
America with which he had not some acquaintance.
He was still laboring as a missionary in 1721.
CARLBERG, Gotthold, musician, b. in Berlin,
Germany, 13 June, 1838; d. in New York, 27 April,
1881. In 1857 he came to New York city and
became the musical editor of the “Staats-Zeitung.”
In 1861 he returned to Europe and served eight
months in the Prussian army, when he was honorably
discharged on account of sickness. In 1871
he returned to the United States, having been
engaged by Prince George Galitzin to conduct a
series of Russian concerts. During the season of
1878-'9 he was the leader of a number of symphony
concerts in Chickering hall, New York.
CARLETON, Sir Guy, Lord Dorchester, Brit-
ish soldier, b. in Strabane, Ireland, 3 Sept., 1724; d.
in Maidenhead, 10 Nov., 1808. He greatly distin-
guished himself at the sieges of Louisburg, Quebec,
and Belle Isle, and was wounded at the siege of
Havana in 1762. In 1772 he became governor of
Quebec, which he defended against the American
army in December, 1775. He commanded the
army that invaded New York in 1776, and fought
a battle against Arnold on Lake Champlain. In
1777, on the nomination of Burgoyne to the com-
mand, he threw up his commission, but was ap-
pointed the same year lieutenant-general, and in
1781 appointed commander-in-chief in place of Sir
Henry Clinton. When peace was concluded in
1783 he returned to England and was laisrd to the
peerage. — His brother, Tliomas, British soldier, b. •
in 1736; d. in Ramsgate, England, 2 Feb., 1817.
He was appointed an ensign in Wolfe's regiment
in 1755, became a captain in 1759, was brevetted
major in 1773, appointed quartermaster-general of
the army in Canada in November, 1775, lieutenant-
colonel of the 19th regiment in 1776, and colonel
of the 29th on 20 Nov., 1782. He was wounded in
the naval conflict with Arnold on Lake Champlain
in 1776. When New Brunswick, previously a county
of Nova Scotia, was organized as a separate prov-
ince in 1784. he was appointed lieutenant-governor
of the new colony, and at the same time governor
and commander-in-chief of Nova Scotia and Cana-
da, taking the oath of office on 16 Aug., 1784. In
1786 he was superseded as governor-general of
British North America, but retained the office of
lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick until his
death. He resided in the colony continuously for
nineteen years, and then went to England with the
intention of returning at the end of two years, but
remained there, the government being carried on
for fourteen years by eight administrators. He
was advanced to the rank of major-general in the
armv in 1793, lieutenant-general in 1798, and gen-
eral "in 1803.
CARLETON, Henry, jurist, b. in Virginia in 1785 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 March, 1863. He was originally named Henry Carleton Coxe. He was graduated at Yale in 1806, removed to Mississippi, and finally established himself in New Or-
