with distinction at the siege of Augnsta. the battle of Jack's Creek, and other actions, and rose by rapid promotion to the rank of major-general in the militia of his state. At a critical period in the war of 1812 he was placed in command of the forces raised to defend the sea-coast of Georgia. He was a presidential elector in 1816, and after- ward served as governor for two terms. A few years before his death he removed to Florida.
CLARKE, Frank Wigglesworth, chemist, b.
in Boston, Mass., 19 March. 1847. He was gradu-
ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in
1867, and became assistant in chemistry at Cornell
during the first year of its existence. In 1873-'4
he was professor of chemistry and physics at How-
ard university, Washington, D. C, and in 1874
was called to fill a similar chair in the University
of Cincinnati, where he remained until 1883. Un-
der his direction the laboratory training reached a
high standard, and about thirty investigations were
published as " Laboratory Notes." In 1883 he be-
came chief chemist to the U. S. geological survey
at Washington. Prof. Clarke has been active in
the American association for the advancement of
science, and in 1878 was chairman of the chemi-
cal section, delivering an address on " The Culti-
vation of Chemistry." During 1885 he was presi-
dent of the Washington chemical society, and on
retiring delivered an address on " The Relations
of the Government to Chemistry." He has con-
tributed frequent papers to the " American Jour-
nal of Science," " American Chemist," " American
Chemical Journal," and to the " Proceedings of
the American Association for the Advancement of
Science." His most important work is the " Con-
stants of Nature" (Washington, 1873, 1876, and
1882), in five octavo pamphlets, of which the last
bears the sub-title of "A Recalculation of the
Atomic Weights." the results in which are ac-
cepted as standard. He has published " Weights,
Measures, and Monev of all Nations " (New York,
1875) ; " Elements of' Chemistry " (1884) ; and a
" Report on the Teaching of Chemistry and Phys-
ics in the United States " (Washington, 1881).
Prof. Clarke has also contributed popular essays
on scientific subjects to " Appletons' Journal " and
the "Popular Science Monthly."
CLARKE, George, governor of New York. b.
in England ; d. in Chester, England, in 1763. He
was sent out by a friend, during the reign of Queen
Anne, to mend his fortunes in New York. Dunlap
says he " had sagacity enough to see that the aristoc-
racy possessed the offices of profit, and were sup-
porters of the authority derived from England."
He therefore sided with the governors in their dis-
putes with the popular party, and was rewarded,
until he stood the oldest councillor, with the ex-
ception of Van Dam, On the death of Gov. Cosby,
Van Dam would have assumed the administration
as senior councillor, but the council, claiming
that he had been secretly suspended by Cosby
just before the latter's death, proclaimed Clarke
governor irro tern., and, in spite of Van Dam's op-
position, he was supported by the home govern-
ment, and commissioned lieutenant-governor. He
endeavored to hold the favor of both parties, and
is said to have destroyed the popularity of many
democratic leaders by inducing them to ask for
offices that he did not intend to bestow on them.
His administration, like that of his predecessor,
was disturbed by contention with the assembly;
but it was also marked by the adoption of many
good measures. The militia system was remod-
elled, courts set up for the decision of petty suits,
the Indian trade promoted, and a precedent established for the annual provision by the legislature
for the provincial government.
CLARKE, Henry Francis, soldier, b. in
Brownsville, Pa., 9 Nov., 1820 ; d. in Washington,
D. C, 10 May, 1887. He was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1843, entered the artil-
lery, served in the occupation of Texas in 1845-'6,
and in the war with Mexico. He won th^ brevet
of captain at Chapultepec, and was present at the
assault and capture of the city of Mexico. He
was assistant instructor of artillery at the mili-
tary academy in 1848-'9, assistant professor of
mathematics in 1850-'l, was engaged with his
regiment in the Seminole war of 1851-2, again
assistant instructor of artillery at West Point in
1855-'6, made captain, 12 Jan., 1857, accompanied
the Utah expedition of 1857 as commissary of
subsistence, and remained there as chief commis-
sary till 1860, when he was assigned to duty in the
office of the commissary-general. He ordered the
expedition for the relief of Fort Pickens, 1 April,
1861, was appointed chief commissary of Gen.
McDowell's command, 2 July, 1861, served in the
Manassas campaign, was promoted major, 3 Aug.,
and served as chief commissary of subsistence of
the Army of the Potomac from 20 Aug., 1861, till
5 Jan., 1864, being present at the siege of York-
town, the battles of South Mountain, Antietam,
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 29 June,
1864, and had charge of purchase of supplies in
New York city till 1867; was brevetted brigadier-
general for gallantry at the battle of Gettysburg,
and major-general for faithful services in the sub-
sistence department during the civil war. He
served as chief of commissariat of the division of the
Missouri in 1868-75, and of the division of the
Atlantic from 1879 until he was retired, 9 Nov.,
1884, with the rank of colonel, having been ad-
vanced to that grade on 20 May, 1882.
CLARKE, James Freeman, clergyman, b. in Hanover, N. H., 4 April, 1810 ; d. in Jamaica Plains, Mass., 8 June, 1888. He was a cousin of Com. Isaac Hull. He studied at the Boston Latin-school, and was graduated at Harvard in 1829, and at Cambridge divinity-school in 1833. From 1833 till 1840 he was pastor of the Unitarian church in Louisville, Ky., and also edited the "Western Messenger" (Louisville) from 1836 till 1839. He then returned to Boston, where in 1841 he founded the Church of the Disciples, of which he was pastor for forty-five years. In this church the seats are free, and the worship, a form devised by Dr. Clarke, combines the features of responses on the part of the congregation as in the English church, the extempore, prayer of the Congregationalists, and the silent prayer of the Friends. He was prominent in all educational and reform movements in Boston. For many years he was one of the overseers of Harvard university, where, from 1867 till 1871, he. was professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine, and during 1876-'7 lecturer on ethnic religions. He was also a member of the State board of education, and trustee of the Boston public library. In connection with his friends, William II. Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, he prepared the " Memoirs of Margaret Fuller D'Ossoli " (Boston, 1852). His published works include " Theodore, or the Sceptic's Conversion," translated from the German of De Wette (Boston, 1841) ; " History of the Campaign of 1812, and Defence of General William Hull for the Surrender of Detroit " (New York, 1848) ; " Eleven Weeks in Europe " (Boston, 1852) ; " Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness of Sin " (1852) ; " Christian Doc-
