the celebrated proclamation of Gen. Dix, and the Canadian authorities, by the re-arrest of Young and others, having shown their disapproval of Judge Coursol's action, mutual concessions ensued, result- ing in restoring the former peaceful relationship of the two countries. During the " Trent " difficulty in November, 1861, Mr. Coursol raised a regiment known as the " chasseurs Canadiens," and in 1866, when there was fear of a Fenian invasion, he headed his battalion and marched to the frontier to repel the invaders. In September, 1878, he re- signed his judgeship to contest Montreal, east, in the house of commons, and was elected. He was president of St. Jean Baptiste society, a powerful politico-religious French-Canadian organization, and received various official appointments. In 1872 he was created a knight of the order of Charles II., of Spain.
COURT DE GEBELIN, Antoine (l^oor deh
zhay blan), French author, b. in Nimes in 1725 ; d.
in Paris, 10 May, 1784. He was a preacher early in
life, and afterward devoted himself to the study of
antiquity, mythology, the filiation of languages,
and similar subjects, in which he became very
learned. He went to Paris in 176o, and published
there his great work " Le monde primitive," the
fruit of twenty years' labor (9 vols., 1775-'84). The
completion of this book, which was to have in-
cluded several more volumes, was prevented by the
author's death. He sympathized deeply with the
Americans in the war for independence, and co-
operated with Benjamin Franklin and others in
publishing a work entitled " Affaires de I'Angle-
terre et de I'Amerique," advocating the patriot
cause (15 vols., Paris, 1776 et seq.). Besides these,
he was the author of a variety of works in history,
philosophy, and politics.
COURTENAY, Edward Henry, mathematician, b. in Maryland in 1803 ; d. in Charlottesville, Va., 21 Dec, 1853. He was graduated first in his class at the U. S. military academy in 1821, and was assigned to the engineer corps. He served as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy, and afterward of engineering, at West Point from 1821 to 1824. He assisted in the construction of Fort Adams, R. I., in 1824-'6, and on 1 Sept., 1828, returned to the military academy, where he was given the chair of natural and experimental philosophy, 16 Feb., 1829, and held it till his resignation, 31 Dec, 1834. He was professor of mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania in 1834-'6, division engineer on the Erie
railway in 1836-'7, and then again entered the gov-
ernment service as civil engineer. He was em-
ployed in the construction of Fort Independence,
Boston harbor, in 1837-41, and was chief engineer of
the dry dock at the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1841-'2.
He then accepted the chair of mathematics in
the University of Virginia, and held it till his
death. The University of Pennsylvania gave him
the degree of A. M. in 1834, and Hampden Sidney
college that of LL. D. in 1846. He translated and
edited Boucharlat's " Elementary Treatise on Me-
chanics," for the use of the cadets at the U. S. mili-
tary academy (New York, 1833), and wrote a " Trea-
tise on the Differential and Integral Calculus, and
the Calculus of Variations " (1855).
COURTENAY, Reginald, clergyman, b. in
England in 1813. In 1835 he was graduated at Ox-
ford, and in 1853 received the degree of D. D. He
was rector of Thornton Watlass, Yorkshire, from
1842 till 1853, and was appointed archdeacon of
Middlesex, Jamaica, in 1853. In 1856 he was con-
secrated bishop of Kingston, and coadjutor to the
bishop of Jamaica. He retained his archdeaconry,
and had jurisdiction over the entire diocese, which
includes British Honduras. He resigned in 1879.
His published works are " The Future States, their
Nature and Evidences " (1857) ; " Account of the
Church of England " (published in English, Italian,
and Spanish) ; and " Three Pastoral Charges."
COUTINHO, Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira (coo-teen-yo), Viscount de Sepitiba,- Brazilian states-
man, b. in the province of Rio Janeiro, 21 June,
1800 ; d. 25 Sept., 1855. He studied at the Uni-
versity of Coimbra, Portugal, where he was gradu-
ated as a lawyer, and then spent two years at the
military academy of Lisbon. On his return to
Brazil, he was chamberlain of the emperor, mem-
ber of the imperial council, and senator. In 1833,
while filling the office of minister of justice, he
brought about a pacific settlement of serious diffi-
culties in the court, and also the elevation of
young Dom Pedro II. to the throne. He discovei'ed
a conspiracy against the prince and in favor of
Dom Pedro I. Coutinho rendered important ser-
vices to Brazil in several departments, and has left
works relative to internal affairs.
COVARRUBIAS, Francisco Diaz (co-var-
roo'-be-as), Mexican astronomer, b. in Jalapa in
1833. He distinguished himself as a student in
the mining-school, where he was graduated in
1854, and became assistant professor of mathemat-
ics there. President Cominfort appointed him
chief engineer for the topographical suiwey of the
valley of Mexico, and the final results of his com-
mission were the topographical map of the Federal
district, the hydrographic map of the valley of
Mexico, and the accurate ascertainment of the
geographic position of the city of Mexico. He re-
tired to private life for some time, and President
Juarez gave him the office of chief engineer and
superintendent of public roads. He was also chief
asti'onomer of the National observatory of Chapul-
tepec. He resigned this office at the time of the
French invasion, but Juarez appointed him assist-
ant secretary of public works in 1867, and Presi-
dent Lerdo sent him to Japan to observe the tran-
sit of Venus, 8 Dec, 1874. He went to Paris in
1875, and represented the Mexican geographical
society at the geographical congress, then being
made a member of the German astronomical
society. On his return to Mexico he published a
book relating to his observations of the transit of
Venus, and President Diaz sent him as Mexican
minister to the five Central American republics,
where he remained for two years, aiding Diaz in
the persecutions against the refugees from Mexico,
and almost bringing about serious international
complications. On account of this and of an
unfortunate incident, he left Guatemala in
haste. He went to Europe in 1881, and repre-
sented Mexico at the Geographical congress in
Venice, and also at that of electricians in Paris,
and was appointed consul-general of Mexico. He
has been professor of mathematics, geodesy, and
astronomy in the National school of engineers, and
also filled the chair of natural philosophy in the
National preparatory school. He has published
scientific works, the principal ones being "La
posicion geografica de Mejico," " Tablas geodesicas
para las latitudes de la Republica Slejicana,"
" Tratado de topografia, geodesia y astronomia,"
" Nuevos metodos astronomicos," and " Elementos
de analisis trascendente."
COVELL, James, clergyman, b. in Marblehead, Mass., 4 Sept., 1796 ; d. In Troy, N. Y., 15 May, 1845. His parents removed to Maine, and then to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where, in June, 1815, James was licensed as a travelling preacher in the Meth-
