in advancing funds for the establishment of the plantations. It was at his suggestion that the gov- ernment was transferred from the London com- pany to the colonies. At his decease the Ameri- can colony was heavily indebted to him for money advanced. In 1640 he represented the city of Lon- don in the long parliament.
CRADOCK, Thomas, clergyman, d. in Balti-
more county, Md., in 1760. He was rector of St.
Thomas's parish, and in 1753 preached a notable
sermon before the governor and the assembly, de-
nouncing the irregularities of the clergy. In 1754
he published a translation of Buchanan's Latin
Psalms in heroic verse.
CRAFTS, Ebenezer, pioneer, b. in Pomfret,
Conn., in 1740 ; d. in Craftsbury, Vt., in 1810. He
was graduated at Yale in 1759, and became a mer-
chant in Sturbridge, Mass. He served under Lin-
coln during the Shays rebellion as commander of a
regiment, and in 1790 emigrated with his family to
the wilderness of Vermont and there founded the
town that is called after him. — His son, Samuel
Chandler, governor of Vermont, b. in Woodstock,
Vt., 6 Oct., 1768 ; d. in Craftsbury, Vt., 19 Nov.,
1853, was graduated at Harvard in 1790, removed
with his father to Craftsbury, Vt., the same year,
was chosen town-clerk upon the organization of the
town in 1792, and held that office for thirty-seven
years. During his life he filled every office within
the gift of the people of Vermont. He was the
youngest delegate in the State constitutional con-
vention that met at Windsor in 1793, was elected
to the legislature in 1796, and again in 1800, 1801,
1803, and 1805, was register of probate for the Or-
leans district from 1796 till 1815, judge of the Or-
leans county court from 1800 till 1816, and during
the last six years chief judge. He was clerk of the
house of representatives in 1798-9, and a member
of the executive council in 1809-'12 and 1835-'7.
He was elected a representative in congress in 1816,
and served for four successive terms, from 1817 till
1825. In the latter year he was again chosen chief
judge of the county court, and served till 1828,
when he was elected governor of the state. In 1829
he presided over the constitutional -convention of
the state, and was re-elected governor in that year
and in 1830. In 1842 he was appointed by the gov-
eruor, and subsequently elected by the legislature,
to fill the unexpired term of Samuel Prentiss as U.
S. senator, and served from 30 April, 1842, till 3
March, 1843. In 1802 he accompanied Dr. Fran-
cois A. Miehaud in his botanical explorations of
the valley of the lower Mississippi.
CRAFTS, James Mason, chemist, b. in Boston,
Mass., 8 March, 1839. He was graduated at Law-
I'ence scientific school of Harvard in 1858, after
which he spent seven years abroad, studying chem-
istry and kindred sciences at the Freiberg mining-
school, at the university in Heidelberg, and at the
Ecole des mines in Paris. On his return to the
United States, he was in 1868-'70 professor of chem-
istry at Cornell, and from 1870 till 1880 a member
of the faculty in the Massachusetts institute of
technology in Boston, although from 1874 till 1880
a non-resident professor. He is a member of many
scientific societies both in the United States and
abroad, is a fellow of the chemical society, London,
and in 1872 was elected a member of the National
academy of sciences. Besides several honors re-
ceived from the French academy of sciences, he
was made chevalier of the legion of honor by the
Fi'ench government in 1885. Most of his chemical
investigations were made in Paris, largely in con-
nection with Prof. Charles Friedel. They have
been presented before the French academy of sciences, and include researches on silicon and its combinations with compound radicals, and investigations on the vapor densities of halogen compounds, principally iodine. He has published "A Short Course of Qualitative Analysis" (New York, 1869).
CRAFTS, Walter, mining engineer, b. in New-
ton, Mass., 21 Jan., 1839. He was graduated at
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1860, and spent
two years in study at the Freiberg mining-school.
On his return to the United States he became min-
ing superintendent of copper mines in the Lake
Superior district, Michigan, and from 1867 till 1870
was in charge of iron-mines in Berkshire county,
Mass. From 1870 till 1876 he was superintendent
of the Shelby iron company in Alabama. In 1877
he was appointed treasurer and manager of the
Crafts iron company in the Hocking valley, Ohio,
and in 1883 became an official in the Columbus
and Hocking coal and iron company. As an au-
thority on furnaces and their treatment he has a
high reputation. He is a member of the American
institute of mining engineers.
CRAFTS, Wilbur Fisk, clergyman, b. in Frye-
burg. Me., 12 Jan., 1850. He was graduated "at
Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1869,
and at the school of theology of Boston university
in 1872. He joined the New England conference
of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1870, and
preached while prosecuting his theological studies
at Nahant and Stoneham, Mass. In 1872 he was
stationed at Haverhill, and subsequently at Dover,
N. H., New Bedford, Mass., Chicago, 111., and
other places. He travelled in Europe and Pales-
tine, and, having united with the Congregational
church, was, after his return, pastor of a church in
Brooklyn. N. Y., until 1883. He has published
" Through the Eye to the Heart " (New York, 1873 ;
revised ed., 1878) ; " Childhood, the Text-Book of
the Age for Parents, Pastors, and Teachers " (Bos-
ton, 1875) ; " The Ideal Sunday-School " (Boston,
1876) ; •' Rescue of Child-Soul " (1880) ; " Successful
Men of To-day " (1883) : " The Sabbath for Man "
(1885) ; and, with his wife, " Pocket Lesson Notes "
(1886). — His wife, Sarah J . Timanus, has published
" Letters to Primary Teachers," treatises on Kinder-
garten teaching, and religious books for the young.
CRAFTS, William, lawyer, b. in Charleston,
S. C, 24 Jan., 1787; d. in Lelaanon Springs, N. Y.,
23 Sept., 1826. He was graduated at Harvard in
1805, studied law, became an eloquent and success-
ful pleader in Charleston, especially in criminal
cases, and for several terms was a member of the
legislature, serving both in the senate and house of
representatives. He j^rinted essays on subjects of
contemporary interest in the Charleston '* Courier,"
of which he was for a time the editor, delivered
fi'equent popular addresses, was the Phi Beta Kap-
pa orator at Cambridge in 1817, wrote " The Sea-
Serpent, or Gloucester Hoax," a humorous three-
act drama, contributed humorous sketches to the
" Omnium Botherum," a journal devoted to local
satire, and published a few poems, the longest of
which are " Sullivan's Island " and " The Raciad."
A selection from his writings and orations was pub-
lished, with a memoir by the Rev. Samuel Gilman
(Charleston, S. C, 1828).
CRAGIN, Aaron H., senator, b. in Weston, Vt., 3 Feb., 1821 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 10 May, 1898. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Albany, N. Y., in 1847. He removed to Lebanon, N. H., and began practice in that year, was elected to the New Hampsliire legislature in 1852, and served till 1855, when he entered congress, having been chosen by the American party. He was reelected in 1856, and served till 3 March, 1859. He
