in Peru, and was arrested by the republiean authori- ties, but found means to throw overboard the offi- cial correspondence intrusted to him. He was sent as a prisoner to Arequipa, and it was generally be- lieved that he would be shot in reprisal for the execution of republicans, but he was subsequently released, and returned to Spain in 1825. He did not enter active service again till 1880, when he was made chief of the regiment of Soria. He fa- vored the succession of Isabella II. to the throne, and the appointment of Queen Christina as regent, and at the beginning of the civil war, after the death of Ferdinand VII., 29 Sept.. 1833, he was made commander-in-chief of the province of Bis- cay, and afterward lieutenant-general. In his operations against the Carlists he displayed energy and ability, and was appointed general-in-chief of the army of the north, viceroy of Navarre, and captain-general of the Basque provinces. After new victories, early in 1839, he was created a gran- dee of the first class, with the title of Duke of Vic- toria and Morella. In August, 1839, he concluded with the Carlist general Maroto the convention of Vergara ; Don Carlos left the country, and Cabrera, the only Carlist general remaining in arms, was defeated by Espartero in the same year. Queen Christina endeavored to strengthen her govern- ment by placing Espartero at the head of the min- istry : and when, in 1841, she was compelled to re- sign the regency, he was appointed regent by the cortes. During his administration he suppressed various insurrections ; but, notwithstanding his energy, a revolutionaiy junta assembled at Bar- celona in 1843, declared that the queen had at- tained her majority, and, when Narvaez entered Madrid at the head of an army, Espartero was forced to retire to England, where he resided until 1847. He was then restored to his honors, and lived in Logroiio in retirement till 1854, when he was placed by Isabella at the head of the ministry, but resigned in July, 1856. After the expulsion of Isabella in 1868 he supported the provisional gov- ernment, and in 1870 several members of the cortes offered him the crown of Spain, but he declined it on the ground of his great age and want of heirs. He was afterward created prince of Vergara.
ESPEJO, Antonio de (es-pa'-ho), Spanish ex-
plorer, b. in Cordova, Spain (some say in Lor.don),
about the middle of the 16th century. He was a
captain of the army in Mexico, when in 1582, after
organizing a special force of one hundred horsemen
and a corresponding infantry detachment, almost
at his own expense, he undertook, in company with
Father Bernardino Beltran, a journey in search
of the Franciscan missionary Agustin Kuiz. After
travelling several days toward the north, he met
some natives who had been converted during the
expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez to Honda in 1528.
The people among whom these lived, the Ju-
manes, were so far advanced in civilization that
they inhabited houses of stone. Shortly afterward
he learned that Ruiz had been killed, but pushed
on toward the east, and, after marching through a
iertile country, reached the territory of the Cu-
manes, whose capital, Cia, possessed " eight public
markets; the houses were built of limestone of
divers colors, and the inhabitants wore beautiful
cloaks of cotton, woven in the country." Five
leagues northwest of this he found the Amayes,
who had seven cities, and afterward visited the
town of the A comas, situated on an almost per-
pendicular rock, which had to be ascended by nar-
row stairs cut in the stone. After journeying
eighty leagues farther, he reached the country of
the Zufiis, where he met three Spaniards who had
accompanied the expedition of Vasquez in 1540,
and who had lived so long with the Indians that
they had almost forgotten their native tongue.
Here Father Beltran, with most of the party, left
Espejo and returned to Mexico, but he pushed on
with but nine followers, and reached the town of
Zaguato, whose inhabitants lodged him sumptuously
and gave him presents of clothing. He then ]iassed
through the land of the Quires, which contained
25,000 inhabitants, and abounded in mines. The
natives wore cloaks of cotton oi- of painted skin,
and lived in houses four stories high. The forests
abounded in game, the rivers in fish, and in the
valleys grew maize, melons, flax, fruit-trees, and
vines. But he soon encountered the Tamos, who
refused to let him proceed through their territory,
and, turning back, he journeyed along a river which
he named " Rio de las Vacas," from the cattle on
its banks. He reached San Bartolome in 1583,
after a journey of nine months. He left a work en-
titled " Relacion del viaje al Nuevo Mejico " (1630).
ESPEJO, Jerónimo, Argentine soldier, b. in
Mendoza in 1801. At the age of fifteen he entered
the Army of the Andes as a cadet, and fought
bravely for the liberty of three republics. In Chili
he served in the campaign of the restoration, and
took part in the battle of Chacabuco, the siege of
Talcahuana, the action and surprise of Cancha
Rayada, and the battle of Maypu. In Peru he
served under the orders of Gen. San Martin, and
took part in the capture of Lima, the siege of Cal-
lao, and the actions of Torata and Moquegua. In
the Argentine republic he took part in the battle
of Ytusaingo and the action of the bridge of Mar-
quez, and afterward fought against Rosas and
shared in the battle of Laguna-larga. the action of
Rodeo de Chacon, and in the battle of the citadel
of Tucuman. He has been decorated with many
crosses of military honor, and has published a his-
torical work, " Entrevista de Guayaquil de Boli-
var y San Martin " (Buenos Ayres, 1873).
ESPELETA, Antoine Froger (es-pa-la'-ta),
Baron, French colonist, b. in Laval, France, in
1676; d. in Patagonia in 1715. His father was a
rich merchant, and married a baroness Espeleta,
whose title her son inherited. Young Espeleta re-
ceived a good education, and early showed great
aptitude for mechanical science. In 1695, notwith-
standing his youth, he was appointed royal engi-
neer of the fleet which at that time was fitting out
at Rochelle for the purpose of fcimding French
colonies in South America under command of
his cousin, the Coimt de Gennes. (See Gennes,
Count de.) It was by Espeleta's advice that the
site for the new colony was fixed at Port Gallant,
and in April, 1696, he' was left in charge of it with
one vessel, seventy-five soldiers, and fifty colonists,
while De Gennes sailed in search of supplies. He
built a fort and laid out the plan for the new city,
which he named Saint Louis, in honor of the king ;
and when it was evident that he had been aban-
doned to his fate by De Gennes, he made the colo-
nists promise to continue the building of the city,
left the soldiers with them, and, taking only the
crew of his vessel, started for Europe. In the West
Indian sea he encoimtered De Gennes's fleet, and
sailed with him to Rochelle. As De Gennes was
too much occupied with the prizes he had taken to
remember the new colony, Espeleta went at once
to Paris to solicit assistance and a royal commis-
sion, but was unfavorably received, as he was con-
sidered a deserter from De Gennes's fleet. For his
justification he published " Relation d'un voyage
fait en 1695-'6 et '7 aux cotes d'Afrique, detroit de
Magellan, Bresil, Cayenne et les Antilles, par une
