and attended to the foreign correspondence of the Illinois central railway. He returned to Canada in 1871, was elected in 1874 to the Dominion par- liament for the county of Levis, and represented it until 1879, when he was defeated. In 1878 he went to reside in Montreal, and ni 1885 to Nicolet, Quebec. M. Frechette edited " Le journal de Que- bec " in 186r-2, " Le journal de Levis " in 1864-'5, " L'Amerique " in Chicago in 18()8-'70, and " La Patrie" in Montreal in 188-l-'5. He has also been a contributor to " L'Opinion publique," of Mon- treal, and has written occasionally for other pe- riodicals. Two volumes of his poems, " Les fleurs boreales " and " Les oiseaux de neige," were crowned by the French academy at Paris in 1880. The author was granted the last Montyon prize unanimously. McGill university, Montreal, and Queen's university, Kingston, conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. His volumes of poems in- clude " Mes loisirs " (Quebec, 1863) : •' La voix dun exile" (1809); "Pele-mele" (Montreal, 1877); and " Les oublies " and " Voix d"outre-mer " (1886). His published dramas and comedies are " Felix Poutre " (18G2) ; " Papineau " (1880) ; " The Thunderbolt " (1882) ; and " Un Dimanche matin a I'hotel du Canada." His prose works include " Lettres a Basile" (1872), and " Petite histoire des Rois de France." He has translated into French " A Chance Acquaintance," by William D. Howells, and " Old Creole Days," by George W. Cable.
FREDET, Peter, author, b. in Sebasat, Au-
vergne. France, in 1801 ; d. in Ellicott's Mills, Md..
in 1856. He received his preparatory education
in the College of Clermont, and afterward entered
the ecclesiastical seminary of Clermont-Ferrand.
After his promotion to the priesthood he joined
the Society of St. Sulpice, and was sent as pi'ofessor
to the Sulpitian seminary of Rodez. Here he re-
mained six years, when he embarked for the United
States, and arrived in Baltimore in 1881. He spent
the remainder of his life as professor of various
branches of ecclesiastical learning in St. Mary's
seminary, Baltimore, and published an " Ancient
History" (Baltimore, 1850). and a "Modern His-
tory" (1842). These were adopted as text-books in
the Roman Catholic colleges of the United States,
and also in the Roman Catholic university of Ire-
land. His other works are controversial or theo-
logical, and include " Inspiration and Canon of
Scripture " ; " Original Texts and Translations of
the Bible"; " Interpretation of Scripture"; "Ne-
cessity of Baptism"; "Effects of Baptism and the
Obligations attached to it " ; " Lay Baptism " ; and
" Doctrine of Exclusive Salvation."
FREEDLEY, Edwin Troxell, author, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 28 July, 1827. His youth was
spent in Bucks county, where he attended school.
He afterward entered Treemount seminary, Norris-
town, and studied law at Harvard in 1845. He
then removed to Cincinnati and became part pro-
prietor of a large steam marble-mill. He settled
in PhUadelphia in 1851. In 1860 he published, in
connection with Edward Young, the " Manufac-
turers' Gazette," which was discontinued in 1861.
He has been interested in forming societies for the
dissemination of useful knowledge. His publica-
tions are " Practical Treatise on Business " (Phila-
delphia, 1851; republished in England); "The
Business Man's Legal Adviser " (1854) ; " Leading
Pursuits and Leading Men " (1856) ; " Philadelphia
and its Manufactures" (1857; 2d ed., 1867); "Op-
portunities for Industry" (1858); "History of
American Manufactures " (3 vols., 1867) ; " Common
Sense in Business " (1877) ; and "Home Comforts"
(2 vols., 1877, 1 vol., 1880).
FREEMAN, Alice Elvira, educator, b. in Coles-
ville, Broome co., N. Y., 21 Feb., 1855. She was
graduated at the University of Michigan in 1876,
and was appointed teacher of Greek, Latin, and
mathematics at Geneva Lake, Wis., where she re-
mained one year. From 1877 till 1879 she was the
principal of the high-school at East Saginaw. Mich.
She became professor of history in Wellesley in
1879, which post she held until 1881. In that year
she became acting president of the college, and in
1882 she accepted the presidency. The clegree of
Ph. D. was conferred on her by the University of
Michigan in 1882, and that of doctor of letters by
Columbia in 1887. In the latter year she resigned,
and in December married Prof. George H. Palmer,
of Harvard.
FREEMAN, Barnardus, clergyman, b. at
Gilhuis, in Hanover, in 1660; d. at New Utrecht,
L. I., in January, 1743. He was at one time a tailor
in Westphalia, but was ordained by the classis of
Lingen, 16 March, 1698. At the call of Gerrit
Bancker, of Albany, he resolved to go to America.
He reached Schenectady, 28 July, 1700, and at once
began his labors as dominie of the Reformed Dutch
church, which was then independent of the Am-
sterdam classis. He was of great natural abilities,
and, in addition to a knowledge of English, Dutch,
and German, he mastered the Mohawk tongue, and
soon began teaching and catechising the Mohawks.
With the aid of the half-breed interpeter Hillities,
he translated portions of the Anglican liturgy and
the Bible into their tongue. His influence over the
Indians was spiritually powerful, in addition to its
being a strong factor in promoting their friend-
ship with the Dutch and English. He married
25 couples, baptized 101, and received 14 adults,
all Indians, into the church. After his removal,
they petitioned for his return to them. Under a
commission from Lord Cornbury, dated 25 Dec,
1705, he removed to Long Island, and officiated as
dominie in the Reformed churches of New Utrecht,
Flatbush, Bushwick, and Brooklyn. This act of the
governor was a part of his settled policy to obtain
control over the Dutch churches, and to establish
episcopacy. He used his influence to have an
American classis established, so that the Dutch
churches in America would be free from the juris-
diction of the classis of Amsterdam. He was made
pastor emeritus in 1741, after forty-one years' ser-
vice. A portrait in oil of Mr. Freeman, showing a
vigorous physique, exists. He published parts of
the English liturgy in Mohawk (1705) ; " De Spi-
zel der Self-Kennis " (Mirror of Self-Knowledge)
(1720) ; " De Weegshale der Gnade Gods " (Balance
of God's Grace) (1721); and " Verdigiging" (De-
fence against the church of Raritan) (1726).
FREEMAN, Florence, sculptor, b. in Boston,
Mass., in 1836. After receiving instruction in
sculpture from Richard S. Greenough, she went to
Italy with Charlotte Cushman, and studied for one
year in Florence with Hiram Powers. In 1862 she
opened a studio in Rome, where she has spent her
professional life. She has executed several bas-
reliefs of Dante ; a bust of Sandalphon ; " The Sleep-
ing Child " ; " Thekla, or the Tangled Skein " ; and
several chimney-pieces, one of which, " Children
and the Yule Log and Fireside Spirits," was at the
Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia (1876).
FREEMAN, Fortunatus, sea-captain, b. in Yarmouth, England : d. in New York city, 22 July, 1874. He came to the United States at an early age, first commanded vessels sailing from Baltimore, and was subsequently commander of the ships " Sea," " Marmion." " Resolute," " Guy Mannering," and " Silas Wright," all from New York.
