1746; d. in Madagascar in November, 1802. He studied botany, and visited different countries in Europe and Asia with the view of increasing his knowledge of this science. On his return from Asia in 1785 he was commissioned by the French government to establish a nursery in the neighborhood of New York for the cultivation of trees and shrubs, which he was afterward to forward to France, where they were to be naturalized at Rambouillet. He landed in New York on 1 Sept., and, after establishing his nursery in Bergen county, N. J., travelled through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and sent his first cargo to France in the following year. In 1787 he formed a similar establishment near Charleston, S. C., sailing up Savannah river and its tributaries with Indian guides. The influence which he always exercised over the Indians was of great help to him in all his explorations. He crossed the Alleghanies, returned to Charleston in July, 1788, and in the beginning of 1789 spent some months in Florida. He then visited the Bahamas and Lucayes islands, which, with Hudson bay, were to be the limits of his explorations in North America. After his return to Charleston he made a careful exploration of the Carolina mountains. Meanwhile the French revolution had begun and Michaux ceased to receive remittances from the government, but he did not abandon his project of visiting Hudson bay, and readily found merchants to advance funds for the purpose on the security of his property in France. He started in April, 1792, and, after inspecting his garden in New Jersey, reached Quebec on 10 June. Thence he sailed up the St. Lawrence in bark canoes and ascended Chicoutimi (now Saguenay) river, reaching Lake Mistissinny, but his guides refused to follow him any farther and he was obliged to retrace his steps. He returned to Philadelphia, 8 Dec., 1792. The two gardens that Michaux had established had already done much for the improvement of arboriculture in the United States. He now laid before the Philosophical society of Philadelphia a plan of travel and discovery in the west, which was favorably received, especially by Thomas Jefferson, and everything was ready for its execution when the French ambassador charged Michaux with a mission relative to the occupation of Louisiana. This was afterward given up. He went again to Charleston early in 1794. After making a difficult journey of 1,200 miles through Kentucky, he sailed for France in August, 1790. The vessel was wrecked off the coast of Holland, and Michaux lost everything except his collections. He was received with great honor by the French government and by scientific men, but this did not compensate him for the loss of his nurseries at Rambouillet, which had been ruined by neglect. Out of 60,000 plants that he had sent from America only a few remained. He set about repairing the loss, but the government gave him little help, and he devoted his time to preparing his materials for publication. In 1800 he accompanied an expedition to New Holland, and landed at Madagascar, where the zeal with which he set about clearing ground for a nursery produced an attack of fever, of which he died. At the time of his death he intended to return to the United States to complete his discoveries. His works are “Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique septentrionale” (Paris, 1801). The “mindium” of Jussieu, belonging to the Cam- panula family, is called the “Michauxia” by some botanists in honor of Michaux. — His son, François André, botanist, b. in Versailles, France, in 1770; d. in France, 23 Oct., 1855, studied botany and forestry under the direction of his father, and took the diploma of doctor of medicine. He was sent by the minister of the interior in 1802 to study the forests of America that had already been explored by his father, and travelled through a great part of the United States, publishing, on his return, “Voyage à l'ouest des monts Alleghanys” (Paris, 1804; English translation, London, 1805). He then collected, in a work that laid the foundation of his reputation as a botanist, the results of his observations on different trees of North America under the title “Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amerique du Nord” (4 vols., 1810-'13), of which an English translation, “North American Silva,” also appeared (4 vols., 1817-'19; 3 vols., translated by Hillhouse, with notes by John J. Smith, Philadelphia, 1830); three supplementary volumes were added by Thomas Nuttall (q. v.) (1842-'9), and the whole work is now published in five volumes. He also wrote “Mémoires sur la naturalisation des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale” (1805); “Notice sur les iles Bermudes, particulièrement sur l'île St. George” in volume viii. of the “Annales des sciences naturelles” (1806); also, in connection with C. L. Richard, a “Flora Boreali-Americana” (1803). He was a member of several societies of the natural sciences in the United States.
MICHEL, Dieudonné Gabriel Lucien, French
missionary, b. in Dunkerque in 1605; d. in Quebec,
Canada, in 1669. He professed with the Recollets,
who then shared with the Jesuits the privilege of
establishing missions in Canada, and went to that
country about 1628. He was employed for several
years in the Huron missions, and tried his utmost
to protect those mild and indolent Indians against
the ferocious Iroquois. He went so far as to
apply to the Canadian company for officers that he
might form disciplined companies of Hurons, but
the influence of the Jesuits, who desired the ruin
of the work of their only rivals in missionary
fields, prevented the success of the scheme. In
1636 the Hurons were hopelessly defeated by the
Iroquois, and several missionaries, including
Father Jean de Brebœuf, the head of the Jesuit
missions, were taken prisoners and afterward
cruelly murdered. Michel escaped by adopting the
dress of an Indian, and, accompanying the Hurons
in their flight from the peninsula of Upper Canada
to St. Joseph island, where they determined to
settle, rebuilt his mission there. He was appointed
in 1643, by Gov. Charles de Montmagny, a
member of the conseil souverain of the city of Montreal,
which the latter had founded a few months before,
and he became also, in 1650, superior of the
Recollet missions. In 1656, when he was secretary to
the new governor, Marquis de Lauzun, he advised
the reconstruction of Fort Sorel at the entrance of
Richelieu river. After becoming nearly blind, he
was made, in 1667, vicar of the chapel that is now
known as the Church of Notre Dame de
Recouvrance in Quebec. He published in the “Mercure
Français” three open letters that attracted
attention and caused much discussion, as the
author contended that the land policy that was
followed in Canada would cause the loss of the country
to France. He also attacked the Jesuits with
great vehemence. These letters are entitled “Lettres
d'un missionnaire où sont contenues les institutions
et les discours des sauvages de la Nouvelle
France du Nord, suivies d'un traité de leur
langage” (1665); “Des nations des sauvages qui habitent
la Nouvelle France du Nord et des missions
qui ont été établies parmi eux” (1666); and
“Dialogue d'un missionnaire avec un gentilhomme au
service de Nos Seigneurs de la compagnie du Cana-
