1834 : d. in Chicopee. 27 Feb.. 1896. He was gradu- ated at Harvard, was principal of a high-school for nine years, studied law with his brother Charles, and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He practised at Chicopee, was elected to the legislature in 1874, en- tered the state senate in l s ?i>. and later in the same year was elected to congress as a Republican, tak- ing his seat on 15 Oct., 1877. He was thrice re- elected, and resigned his seat in 1883, having been elected governor. In 1884 and 1885 he was re- elected, serving till ihr close of 1886.
ROBINSON, Horatio Nelson, mathematician.
b. in Hartwick. Otsego co., N. Y., 1 Jan., 1806; d.
in Elbridge, X. V.. 1U Jan.. 1S67. He received
only a common-school education, but early evinced
a genius for mathematics, making the calculations
for an almanac at the age of sixteen. A wealthy
neighbor gave him the means to study at Prince-
ton, M ml at the age of nineteen he was appointed an
instructor of mathematics in the navy, which post
he retained for ten years. He then taught an
academy at Canandaigua, and afterward one at
(ic'in-M'e. X. Y.. until in 1844 he gave up teaching
because his health was impaired, and removed to
Cincinnati, Ohio. There he prepared the first of a
scries of elementary mathematical text-1 ks.
Inch have been adopted in many of the academies
and colleges of the United States. In revising and
completing the series he had the assistance of other
mathematicians and educators. He removed to
Syracuse. X". Y., in 1850, and to Elbridge in 1*54.
His publications include " University Algebra "
(Cincinnati, 1847), with a " Key " (1S47)': "Astrono-
my, University Edition" (1849); "Geometry and
Trigonometry " (1850); "Treatise on Astronomy"
(Albany, 1850); "Mathematical Recreations" (Al-
bany, 1851); "Concise Mathematical Operations"
(Cincinnati, 1854) ; " Treatise on Surveying and
Navigation" (1857), which, in its revised form, was
edited by Oren Root (New York, 1863) : " Anal 1 1-
cal Geometry and Conic Sections" iX'cw York,
1864) ; " Differential and Integral Calculus " (1861),
edited by Isaac F. Quinby (1868).
ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, b. in
Mansfield, Ohio, 14 Oct., 1827; d. in Toledo, 14
Jtin., 1892. He learned the printer's trade, and es-
tablished the Kenton "Republican." which he edit-
ed for eighteen years. In 1856 he was secretary of
the first convention of the Republican party that
was held in Ohio. He was for two sessions clerk of
the state house of representatives. At the begin-
ning of the civil war he enlisted in the 4th Ohio
regiment, and was soon made a captain. He took
part in the operations at Rich Mountain, Va., was
promoted major in October. 1861, served under Gen.
John C. Fremont in the Shenandoah valley, and
became lieutenant-colonel in April, and colonel in
August. 1862. He was engaged at the second bat-
tle of Bull Run. and at Cedar Mountain and C'han-
cellorsville. and was severely wounded at Gettys-
burg. He commanded a brigade under Gen. Joseph
Hooker and Gen. Alpheus S. Williams in the At-
lanta campaign and the march to the sea, was com-
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 12
Jan., 1865, received the brevet of major-general on
13 March, and was mustered out on 31 Aug. On
his return to Ohio he became chairman of the slate
Republican committee. In 1879 he was appointed
by the governor commissioner of railroads and
telegraphs. He was elected to congress for two
successive terms, serving from 5 Dec.. 1881. till 12
Jan., 1885, and subsequently held the office of
secretary of state of Ohio for four years.
ROBINSON, John, clergyman, b. probably in
Lincolnshire, England, in 1575 or 1576 ; d. in Ley-
den, Holland, about the beginning of March, 1625.
He entered Corpus Christ i. Cambridge, in 1592,
was chosen a fellow, and is supposed to have re-
ceived the degree of M. A. in 1599. He officiated
as a minister of the established church near Nor-
wich, but omitted parts of the ritual, having be-
come inclined toward Puritan doctrines at the uni-
versity, and was soon suspended from his functions.
Pie removed to Norwich, where he gathered about
him a band of worshippers. In 1604 he formally
withdrew from the national church, resigning his
fellowship, and connected himself with a body of
dissenters in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and the
adjacent district. He was one of ministers of the
congregation at Scrooby. Nottinghamshire. A
part of the flock went with the other minister to
Holland. Some months later, Robinson and the
rest of the congregation determined to emigrate,
in order to escape persecution. After being de-
tained by the police and enduring various hard-
>hips, the entire congregation escaped to Amster-
dam, and, after passing nearly a year there, settled
in Leyden in the early summer of 1609, where
Robinson, with three others, in 1611, purchased a.
large house with an enclosed court. The church
met for worship in the house, and some of the com-
pany seem to have built homes within the court.
He was recognized by his opponents as "the most
learned, polished, and modest spirit that ever sepa-
rated from the Church of England," and in Leyden
gained a high reputation by his disputations in de-
fence of Calvinism in 1613 with Episcopius, the
successor of Arminius. He became also a member
of the university in September, 1615. His congre-
gation was increased by accessions from England,
and when, in 1IJ17, the plan of emigration to Amer-
ica was discussed, he took the heartiest interest in
the scheme, and was active in promoting negotia-
tions with the Virginia company. There was diffi-
culty in bringing the matter to' a conclusion, and
about the beginning of 1620 he was a party to a
proposition to certain Amsterdam merchants to
remove to New Amsterdam ; but the states-general
declined to further the plan, and Robinson and his
company fell back on their original purpose. And
when the younger members of the congregation
sailed in the "Speedwell" in July, 1620, he took
leave of them in a memorable sermon, intending to
follow with the others the next year. A part of
the remainder of the church departed after his
death: as also, in 1631, did his son, Isaac, who has
many descendants in the United States. The Ley-
den pastor was the author of "An Answer to a
Censorious Epistle " (1609) ; " A Justification of
Separation from the Church of England against
Mr. Bernard's Invective entitled 'The Separatist's
Schism '" (1610) ; "Of Religious Communion, Pri-
vate and Public" (1614); "A Manumission to a
Manuduction" (1615); "The People's Plea for the
Exercise of Prophecy" (1618) ; "Apologia jusla et
necessaria" (1619). which was translated into Eng-
lish in 1625 ; " Defence of the Doctrine propounded
by the Synod of Dort " (1624) : " Letter to the ( 'i >n-
gregational Church in London" (1624); "Appeal
on Truth's Behalf " (1624); " Observations Divine
and Moral" (1625); "On the Lawfulness of Hear-
ing of the Ministers in the Church of Kngland "
(1634) ; and " A Brief Catechism concerning ( 'hnn-h
Government." the earliest known edition of which
was printed in 1(142. The " Works of John Robin-
son, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers." have been
published, with a memoir and annotations by Rob-
ert Ashton, ami an inaccurate account of his de-
scendants by William Allen (','> vols., London and
Boston, 1851).
