(Washington, D. C., 1880); “Pruning Forests and Ornamental Trees,” translated from the French of Adolphe Des Cars (Boston, 1881); “Reports on the Forests of North America” (Washington, 1884); “The Woods of the United States, with an Account of their Structure, Qualities, and Uses” (New York, 1885); and “The Silva of North America” (11 vols., Boston, 1882-'8) vol. xii. will complete the work.
SARMIENTO, Domingo Fanstino (sar-meen'-to), president of the Argentine Republic, b. in San Juan, 13 Feb., 1811 ; d. in. Asuncion, Paraguay, II Sept.. 1888. In 1829 he took part in the rising against Rosas and Quiroga, and at its defeat took
refuge in Chili, where he was -n.-, e ively clerk,
school-master, and overseer in a mine. He after-
ward entered journalism, and in 1842, under the
protection of the minister, Manuel Montt 17. v.),
he founded the first normal school for teaeh-rs in
South America. In 1845-'7 he travelled, by order
i if the Chilian government, in Europe and the
I 'inied States, to study the primary-school system.
He made the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot,
Humboldt, and Horace Mann, and under Mann's
inlliience he prepared a work on popular educa-
ti'in, which was afterward published by order of
the Chilian government. On his return to Chili
he founded a weekly paper, " La Cronica," in
which he advocated the establishment in his coun-
try of a Federal republic. In 1849 he formed part
of the staff of "El Progreso," and founded "El
Monitor de las Escuelas," in which he advocated
the interests of education. When Gen. Urquiza,
aided by Brazil and Uruguay, revolted a^aiu-t
liosas, Sarmiento with other exiles left Chili in
1851, and took part in the campaign that ended,
3 Feb., 1852, with the battle of Monte Caseros. In
1s.V> lie established himself ill Buenos Ayres, and
devoted his time to the promotion of public in-
strueijon. founding the paper "Los Anales de la
K'lueacion Comun." In 1856 he demanded the
establishment of a department of public instruc-
tion, and he was appointed its-director in 1857,
establishing a model college in Buenos Ayres. In
1*5!) he was elected senator, and in 1860, as minis-
ter of public instruction, he influenced the vote of
1100,000 for the establishment of schools. In 1861
he was minister of the interior, and in 1862 he was
elected governor of San Juan, where he suppressed
a revolt of partisan chieftains. He was made min-
ister to Chili and Peru in 1864, and to the United
Slates in 1865. While here he was elected presi-
dent of the Argentine Republic for six years, as-
suming office, 12 Oct., 1868. During his adminis-
tration the war with Paraguay was brought to a
successful termination, railways and telegraphs
were constructed, schools were multiplied, a Na-
tional college was established in each province,
the National observatory was founded, and immi-
gration was promoted. After that time he was
senator, obtained the rank of general, and was
proprietor and editor of " El Censor," continu-
ing always to protect the interests of public edu-
cation. Of his many works the most important are " De la Educacion popular " (Santiago, 1848); " Viajes por Europa, Africa y America"
(1848); Memoria sobre Instruction Primaria" (1849); " Argiropolis, 6 la capital de los EM ados C'onfederados " (1850; French translation, Paris, 1851); " Civilizacii'm y Barbaric, 6 Facundo Qui-
roga y Aldao" (1851: French translation, Paris,
1853); " Vida de Abran Lincoln" (New York.
1806) ; and " Las Escuelas, base de la prosperidad
en los Estados Unidos" (18IW).
SARMIENTO GAMBOA. Pedro de, Spanish mariner, b. in Galieia about 1530 ; d. there about . He was the commander of the naval station in the Pacific in 1578, when Sir Francis Drake
committed depredations on the coast of Peru and Mexico, and, in the belief that Drake would return by the Strait of Magellan. Sarmiento was ordered by the viceroy to take possession of that
passage and intercept him. He left Callao with eleven vessels in 1579, and after vainly waiting for Drake, who had returned by the ( 'ape of Good Hope, he explored the coast, and, after some encounters with the natives, returned to Spain in 1580. On
his reporting the results of his expedition to Philip
II.. the latter resolved to fortify the strait, and
sent, toward the end of 1581, an expedition of
twenty-four vessels with 2.500 men from Cadiz,
under command of Sarmiento and Diego Flores
Valdez. The expedition was unfortunate, as eight
vessels were lost in a storm, and Flores, on account
of rivalry with Sarmiento. abandoned him with
twelve vessels in the entry of the strait and re-
turned to Spain. With only four vessels Sarmienio
continued the voyage, arriving in January, 1583.
at a favorable point, win-re he founded a fort and
colony, which he called San Felipe (afterward Port
Famine). He left a garrison of 300 men, and sailed
in 1584 for Europe, but was captured by an Eng-
lish fleet, carried to England, and kept a prisoner
till 1588. Meanwhile his colony had dissolved and
gradually perished of starvation, one of the sur-
vivors being rescued by Cavendish's nYet in 1587,
and another by Meriche in 1589. After his libera-
tion Sarmiento made a representation of his expe-
rience, and a complaint against Flores. to King
Philip II.. which was first printed in Madrid in
170S. and again in vol. v., of the collection of
American documents that has been in course of
publication by the Spanish government since 1864.
It seems that Sarmiento's complaint was neglected,
as he died soon afterward in poverty.
SARMIENTO DE SOTOMAYOR, Gareia. Count de Salvatierra. viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in Spain about 1590 ; d. in Cartagena, Colombia, in 1655. He was sent to replace the Marquis de
Villena, who had been deposed by royal order, on
suspicion of favoring the independence of Portu-
gal, and arrived in Mexico in 1642, receiving the
executive on 23 Nov. from Bishop Juan de Palafox.
In 1644 he sent an unsuccessful expedition under
Juan Gonzalez Barriga to explore and colonize
California. In the next year the city suffered by
an inundation of the lagoons, and the viceroy or-
dered the cut of Nochistango, which had been be-
gun by Enrique Martinez, to be repaired. The
city of Salvatierra (now in the state of Guanajuato)
was founded in 1647, and in the same year the
viceroy was obliged to interfere between Bishop
Palafox and the Jesuits. In 1648 he was promoted
viceroy of Peru, and, sailing from Acapulco, he en-
tered Lima on 20 Sept. His government in Peru
did not present any noteworthy features, and he
delivered the executive to his successor, Count de
Alva de Aliste, on 24 Feb., 1655. dying, on his re-
turn voyage to Spain, in Cartagena.
SARMIENTO VALLADARES, José. Count de Montezuma, viceroy of Mexico, b. in Spain about 1650; d. there in 1717. Through his wife,
a descendant of the Emperor Montezuma II., he inherited the title of Count de Montezum, and Tula, and in 1696 was appointed viceroy of Mexico, receiving the executive on 18 Dec. from the provisional viceroy. Juan de Ortega Montafies. During his administration the Jesuit Salvatiena set out on tin 1 first successful expedition to Lower California in 16!>7, and during the same M-.-H- he
quelled a riot that was caused by a scarity of corn.
