rid, 1629), which, in a revised edition (3 vols., 1737), has become the greatest bibliography of works, either manuscript or printed, regarding South America: "Tratado de conftrmaciones reales, que se requieren para las [ndias Oeeidentales " (1630) ; " Cuestion moral : si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno ecelesiastico " (1636); " Tablas Cronologicas " (1645); " Aparato politico de las Indias Oeeiden- tales" (1653); "Vida de Santo Toribio arzobispo ilr Lima " (1653) ; " El Paraiso en el Nuevo Mundo " (1656); and " Acuerdos del Concejo de Indias" ( H;.">XI. Pinelo left also several manuscripts, some of which have been published since his death. Tlie-i- include " Politica de las Indias" (Madrid, (1829); " Bulario Indico" is a code of the canonical laws in force in South America (1829): " Historia del Supremo Concejo de las Indias " ; ' Las ha- zanas de Chile con su historia " ; " Fundacion y historia de la ciudad de Lima " : ' Descubrimiento y historia de Potosi " ; and " Itelacion de la pro- vineia_de Quiche y Lacandon."
PIXEYRO, Enrique (peen-yay'-ro). Cuban au-
thor, b. in Havana in 1839. He studied in his na-
tive city, and in 1863 was admitted to the bar.
After a tour on the European continent he returned
to Havana, where he founded in 1865 the " Revista
del Pueblo," a literary and critical review, and prac-
tised his profession. In 1869 he emigrated to the
United States on account of the Cuban insurrection,
and founded in New York a review under the title
of " El Mundo Nuevo." He has published "Bio-
grafia del General San Martin " (New York. 1870) :
"Morales Lemus via Revolucion Cubmw" (1S72):
" Estudios y Conferencias " (1880); and " Poetas
famosos del Siglo XIX." (Paris. 1883).
PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver-
mont, b. in Salisbury, N. H., 2 Aug., 1832. The
family name, formerly written Pengry, was changed
by his father to Pingry. and by himself and his
1 in 'i hers to Pingree. He was educated at Dart-
mouth, in the class of 1857, studied law. was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1859. and began practice at
Hartford. Yt. At the beginning of the civil war
he assisted in recruiting a company, and went to
the field as 1st lieutenant. He was promoted cap-
tain in August, 1861, was disabled by wounds that
he received at Lee's Mills, and after returning to
his regiment was commissioned as major, 37 Sept.,
1862. On 15 Jan., 1863, he was promoted lieu-
tenant-colonel. He took part in the severest fight-
ing of the Army of the Potomac, and after the
battle of the Wilderness, where all the field-officers
of the 2d Vermont infantry were killed or wounded,
was placed in command of that regiment. He was
mustered out on 27 July. 1864. and returned to the
practice of law in Hartford. He was state attorney
for Windsor county in 1867-'8, and a member of
the Republican national convention in 1868. In
1882 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and in
1SS4 was chosen governor of the state.
PINHEIRO, Sylvestre Ferreira (peen-yi'-e-
ro), Marquis de, Portuguese statesman, b. in Lis-
bon, 31 Dec., 1769 ; d. there in September. 1847.
He was destined for the church, and entered the
Oratorians as a novice, but left the convent on ob-
taining the chair of philosophy in the University
of Coimbra. His liberal ideas soon excited the op-
position of the clergy, and he fled in 1797 to Eng-
land, to escape imprisonment. Afterward he became
secretary of the Chevalier de Araujo, Portuguese
minister to Paris, and in 1802 was promoted charge
d'affaires in Berlin, but was dismissed in 1807 on
request of Napoleon. He immediately rejoined the
royal family in Brazil, and was appointed a mem-
ber of the board of trade and assistant secretary of
state. In 1809 he was sent as minister to Buenos
Ayres to organize a court of claims and settle the
boundary between the Spanish and Portuguese
dominions, but he declined. He became afterward
a member of the privy council, and wrote several
memoirs, advocating the enfranchisement of the
I slaves and a parliamentary government for Brazil
and Portugal. In 1815 he opposed the return of
Joao VI. to Lisbon, and after the revolution of
Porto in 1821 became secretary of foreign relations
and war. anil proposed to the king a plan to quell
the rebellion. In spite of his strenuous efforts, the
weak monarch determined to return to Lisbon, ap-
pointed Dom Pedro regent, and left Bahia in un-al.
haste. Pinheiro tried to change the king's resolution, but, all efforts proving unavailing, he accompanied Joao to Lisbon in 1822. and was secretary of state till the suppression of the constitu-
tional government in April, 1824, when he resigned and resided in Paris, living till 1834, occupied in literary labors. After the expulsion of Dom Miguel he returned to Lisbon, but continued to re-
main in private life till his death. Pinheiro's works include " Memoria sobre os vicios da administracao Portugueza " (Bahia, 1811) : " Memoria sobre os meios de destruir a escravidao no Brazil " (1812) ; " Jlemoria sobre um governo representative corn-
mum ao Portugal e ao Brazil " (1814) : " Synopse de
codigo do processo civil " (Paris, 1825) ; " Observa-
coes sobre a carta constitucional do reino de Por-
tugal, e la constitucao do imperio do Brazil " (3
vols., 1831); "Principes de droit public, constitu-
tionel, administratif et desgens" (1834); "Obser-
vations sur la constitution du Bresil, et la charte
constitutionelle du Portugal" (1835); and " Pro-
jecto de codigo para la nacao portugueza " (1839).
PINILLOS, < lamlio M. de (pe-neel'-yos). Count
of Villanueva. Cuban statesman, b. in Havana in
October. 1782; d. there in 1853. When very young
he went to Spain, entered the army, and took part
in the war against the French in 1808. He was
sent to Cuba in 1814, and in 1825 appointed general
superintendent of the finances of the island, filling
this office during twenty-five years. In 1825 the
income of Cuba was only $2.000,000, but in 1837 it
had risen to $37,000.000, which was due in great
part to his wise measures. He built, many public
schools, hospitals, and roads, and in 1834 contrib-
uted to the construction of the first railroad in a
Spanish-speaking country. To his efforts was due
the creation of a nautical college, an extensive
chemical laboratory, an aqueduct, and many other
public institutions, for the scientific, literary, and
industrial development of Cuba. He is considered
one of the greatest benefactors of the island.
PINKERTON, Allan, detective, b. in Glasgow, Scotland. 25 Aug., 1819: d. in Chicago, 111., 1 July, 1884. He became a Chartist in early manhood, came to this country in 1842 to escape imprisonment, and settled in Chicago, 111. He was made deputy sheriff of Kane county in 1846. was subsequently deputy sheriff of Cook county, and in 1850 was appointed the first detective for Chicago. He also established Pinkerton's detective agency in that year, and from that date till the emancipation was largely engaged in assisting the escape of slaves, lie was the first special U. S. mail agent i for northern Illinois and Indiana and southern Wisconsin, organized the U. S. secret service division of the National army in 1861, was its first chief, and subsequently organized and was at the | head of the Secret service department of the Gulf 1 till the close of the civil war. He added to 'his detective agency in Chicago in 1860 a corps of nightwatchmen, called Pinkerton's preventive watch.
