Richmond. Va.. 24 Nov.. tHliR. was educated at. Virginia military institute. and at the l'niversity of l{'irginia. Later he published a newpaper in Leavenworth. Kansas. during the troubles in that territory. aml thence Went to Washington. where he was employed in the post-office department. At the beginning of the civil war he was ue\vs edi- tor of the “ Baltimore Sun." l-ut removed to Rich- inond. where he became one of the editors of the "Richmond Examiner." After the war he was asso- ciated in the founding of “ The Richmond Times." aiid for a time was one of its staff. In lHtiti he re- vived the " Richmond Examiner." and controlled its editorial columns until INST. when he disposed -of his interest. He then established. with his brother. " Southern Opinion." of which he contin- ued until his death one of the editors and proprie- tors. Mr. Pollard was shot. at and killed from an upper window on the opposite side of the street by James Grant. who felt himself aggrieved by an ar- ticle that was publisth in I’ollard's paper.
PULLARD. Josephine. author. 1). in New York
city about 15-10; d. there. 15 .\ug.. 1892. She was
educated in her native city. and early acquired
reputation as a hymn-writer. her best-known pro-
duction being “ Outside the Gate." Her prose
writings include numerous sketches that have been
published in " Harper's Magazine " and other peri-
odicals. Miss Pollard had written “ The Gipsy
Books ” (6 vols.. New York. 1873—34) and “A Piece
of Silver“ (1. ). She had contributed the text to
“ Decorative Sisters " (New York. 11451); “Elfin
Land " (1882): “ Boston ’l‘eaparty " (1882): “ Songs
of Bird Life “(1855):” Vagrant Verses" (18.46); and.
with John H. Vincent. " The Home Book " (1667).
POLLOCK. James. b. in Milton. Pa.. 11 Sept.
1H10: d. in Lot-k llaven. l’a.. 10 April, 1890. He
was graduated at Princeton. and. after studying
law. was admitted to the | ' in 1533. and opened
an oflice in Milton. ln 1S: i he was chosen district
attorney for his county. after which he held vari-
ous minor oflices. lie was elected to congress as a
Whig. and served from :33 April. 114-14. to 3 March.
1849. during which time he was an active member
of several committees. On 23 June.1-’~'4$. he in-
troduced a resolution calling for the appointment
of a special committee to inquire into the neces-
sity and practicability of building a railroad to
the Pacific Coast. .\s chairman of that committee
he made a report in favor of the construction of
such a road. This was the first favorable ofi‘icial
act on this subject on the part of congress. In
1850 he was appointed president-judge of the Rth
judicial district of Pennsylvania. and in 135-1 he
was elected governor of Pennsylvania as a Union-
Republican. During his administration the whole
line of the public works betwr-en Philadelphia and
Pittsbnrg was transferred to the Pennsylvania
railroad company. By this aml other means he
reduced the state debt by nearly 331100001100. and
this soon led to the removal of state taxation. He
convened the legislature in extraordinary session
during the financial crisis of 1857. and. acting on
his wise suggestions. laws were enacted whereby
public confidence was restored and the community
was saved from bankruptcy. On the expiration of
his term of ofi‘ice he resumed his law-practice in
Milton. He was a delegate from his state to the
Peace convention in \\'asl.ington in 1861. and after
tne inauguration of President Lincoln he was ap-
pointed director of the 1'. S. mint in Philadelphia.
which place he then held until October. 11406. By
his efforts. with the approval of Salmon P. Phase.
then secretary of the treasury. the motto " In God
we trust" was placed on the National coins. In
1%!) he was reinstated as director of the mint,
which place he then filled for many years. In ISM)
he was appointed naval officer of Philadelphia, but
resigned in lh‘h‘4. and resumed the practice of his
profession. (tov. Pollock was very active in \ari-
ous movements tending to promote educational
and religious reforms. He received the honorary
degree of LL. I). from Princeton in 1355. and from
Jefferson (Willi-gr. l’:l.. in 1857.
POLLOCK. Oliver. merchant. b. in lrelaiid in
1757; d. in Mississippi. 17 Dec.. 1523. He came to
this country with his father. and settled in ('um-
bei‘land county. Pa. lle engaged in business in
170:! at llavana. (‘uba. where he became intimate
with (loin-(ten. O'Rcilly. and. when the latter was
made governor of Louisiana by the kingr of Spain.
Pollock moved to New Orleans. By a wise and
generous action. during the scarcity of "provisions
in that city. he gained a reputation that made him
able to be of great use to the Americans in New
Orleans. When the Revolutionary war opened.
I’ollock was in possession of large wealth and iiinch
political influence. In 1777 the secret committee
of the l'nited States appointed him " commercial
agent of the United States at New Orleans." which
post he held until the close of the war with great
credit to himself and greater good to the United
States. llc became to the west what Robert Mor-
ris was to the east. IIis fortune was pledged to
his country. To his financial aid the l'nitcd States
owes the success of Gen. George Rogers (‘larke in
the Illinois campaign of 1778. During that year
he borrowed from the royal treasury. through (iov.
Galvey. . 70.000. which he spent for (‘larke's expe-
dition and the defence of the frontier. But the
poverty of the United States involved him. as it
did Morris. in severe losses. In 1783 he was ap-
pointed L'. S. agent at. Havana. where he was im-
prisoned in 17H4 for the debts of the United States.
amounting to $150000. Being released on parole,
he returned to this country in 1785. In 1791 con-
gress discharged this debt. but failed to reniunerate
Pollock for his services. He retired to Cumberland
county. Pa.. in 1791. impoverished. In 1797. 1804,
and 1800 he was nominated for congress: but. al-
though he received the popular vote of his county.
he was not elected. In 1H00 he was an inmate of
the debtors‘ prison in Philadelphia. but within a
few years he accumulated property again. and in
1S1?) he moved to Mississippi. where he died. He
was a nieinbcr of the Friendly Solis of St. Patrick
and the lIihernian society of Philadelphia. See a
sketch of him by,ltev. Horace E. Hayden (1&43).
POLVEREL. Etienne. French revolutionist. b.
in Bearn. France in 17-12: d. in Paris. 6 Ala-0.1793.
Ile was a lawyer.and was sent as deputy to the statcs-
gcneral in 1739. Ile belonged to the extreme party
in the revolution. and was appointed public prose-
cutor in 1701. In 1792 he “as sent. with two other
commissioners. to Santo Domingo to reorganize
the colony. The three commissioners were invested
with arbitrary power. and soon adopted measures
that led to a war of extermination hetween the whites
and negroes. The French colonists that escaped
from the island accused the commissioners of crucl
and arbitrary acts. while they in turn accused the
whites of conspiring to deliver Santo [Domingo to
the English. The acquittal by the revolutionary
tribunal of Gen. d‘Esparbés. whom they had sent
to France as a criminal. created more enemies. “‘llt
accused them of being friends of the (tirondists.
.\n order for the arrest of Polverel was sent out
in 1703. but. owing to the distance of the island
and the difficulty of communications. he was not
brought to Paris until after the fall of Robespierre.
