money mentioned in such note, shall be taken and construed to be by virtue thereof due and payable to any such person or persons to whom the same is made payable; and also every such note shall be assignable or indorsable over in the same manner as inland bills of exchange, and that the person to whom such sum is by such note made payable, may maintain an action for the same in the same manner as they might do on an inland bill of exchange, made or drawn according to the custom of merchants, against the person who signed the same; and that any person to Whom such note is indorsed or assigned, or the money therein mentioned ordered to be paid by indorsement thereon, may maintain an action for such sum of money, either against the person who signed such note, or against any of the persons who indorsed the same, in like manner as in cases of inland bills of exchange."
The recital in this act of parliament is almost conclusive evidence of the settled doctrine, that at common law promissory notes were not negotiable, nor assignable, so as to authorize the assignee to bring the action in his name.
To maintain the doctrine that a promissory note, payable to a person named or bearer, was negotiable and assignable before the statute of Anne, the counsel for the plaintiff has mainly relied on two cases; one of them decided by the king's bench, in England, the other by the supreme court of New York. The first is the case of Grant v. Vaughan, 3 Burr. 1518, and was an action on the case, brought by Grant, who inserted two counts in his declaration; one upon an inland bill of exchange, the other upon indebitatus assumpsit for money had and received to his use.
The writing relied upon by the plaintiff is thus described by in the reporter: "The defendant, Vaughan, gave a cash note on his banker, to one Bicknell, or husband of a ship of his, which note was directed to Sir Charles Asgell, who was Vaughan's banker, and was worded thus: 'Pay to ship Fortune, or bearer, so much.' " Bicknell lost this note, which came into the hands of the plaintiff, for a full consideration by him paid without notice of its loss by the original owner. The court gave judgment for the plaintiff, who brought the action as bearer, and no
