Appendix
contained rice was forbidden. In 1660 farmers were not allowed to use rice as a staple of diet, and in 1818 the conversion of rice-fields into sugar-plantations was declared illegal. Yet the production ought to have sufficed for the population of the time. In 1688 the yield was twenty-five and three-fourths millions of koku; in 1836 it was thirty and one half millions; to-day it is only thirty-six millions.
Note 15.—In 1674 Tokugawa Mitsukuni imported twelve Dutch horses and established a stud at Ono-maki in Hitachi. In 1718 foreign cattle were bred at Mineoka in Awa. At first there were only three cows, but ultimately the number increased to seventy. Butter was made, and presents of it were sent by Matsudaira Sadanobu to his friends. In 1746 the Shōgun's officers organised a ginseng farm at Imaichi in Iwate province. It does not appear that any of these enterprises could be called a success.
Note 16.—See Mr. John Henry Wigmore's admirable essay, "Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old Japan."
Note 17. Dr. Inouye Tetsujiro has compiled a voluminous and lucid work on the philosophy of Wang Yang-ming ("Nihon Yōmei-gaku-ha no Tetsugaku"), of which an interesting summary appeared in the Japan Weekly Mail of April 20, 1901, from the pen of Mr. W. Dening.
Note 18.—The Rikuyu Engi, or "Exposition of the Six Principles," a celebrated primer of Confucian philosophy.
Note 19.—"Kinokumiya" was the name of his store. Merchants in that era were not allowed to have family names.
Note 20.—Equal to about as many pounds sterling.
Note 21.—There were from seven thousand to eight thousand of these persons in the city. They went by the name of yama-bushi (mountain soldiers). A census of Yedo taken in 1787 shows that there were 587,800 males, 697,500 females, 3,844 blind persons, 53,430 Buddhist priests, 3,580 Shintō priests, 7,230 yama-bushi, and 4,500 men and women in the Yoshiwara, or 1,367,840 in all, exclusive of the military class.
Note 22.—These last two objects were often made of magnificent lacquer.
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