JAPAN
pose of training teachers. There are two High Normal Schools, — one for males, the other for females, — the former having 555 pupils, the latter 171; and there are 47 common Normal Schools, with 7,302 male students and 879 females. Great difficulty is experienced in obtaining a full complement of teachers for elementary public schools. The total number required is ninety-five thousand, approximately, and the number actually available is only sixty-four thousand. That is mainly due to the very small emoluments given for such service. Out of sixty-four thousand teachers now employed in elementary schools, only fifty get as much as £48 a year; eleven thousand have less than £10 annually, and the salaries of forty-nine thousand range from £11 to £24. Considering that a common labourer now earns £18 a year, the insufficiency of teachers' emoluments is apparent.
There are two Imperial Universities, one in Tōkyō and one in Kyōtō. The latter is not yet fully organised. The former has 205 professors and instructors and 2,463 students. Its colleges number six, — law, medicine, engineering, literature, science, and agriculture, — it has a University Hall where postgraduate courses are studied, and it publishes a quarterly journal giving accounts of scientific researches which indicate not only large erudition but also original talent.
All the figures given above are independent of private educational institutions. Of these there
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