A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF
Beheading of John the Bnptist. (B. 62.)
Venus and Cupid. (B. 113.)
Judgment of Pari.s. (B. 114.)
Marcus Curtius. (B. 112.)
Bibliography: — Heller: 'Lucas Cranach's Leben und Werke,' 2nd ed., 1854. Schuchardt: 'Lucas Cranach dea Aeltern Leben und Werke,' 3 vols. 1851 — 1871. Eisemann: ' Kunst und Kiinstler,' vol. i. Warnecke : ' Lucas Cranach der Aeltere,' 1879. Bartsch : ' Le Peintre-Graveur,' vii. 273 ; Passai'a7it : ' Le Peintre-Graveur,' iv. 1. u « u
CRANACH, Ldcas, the younger, was the second son of Lucas Cranach the elder. He was born in 1515, and received his education in art in his father's workshops. He is weaker in drawing than his father, and softer in colouring, bat it is difficult to distinguish their works, for he signed with the same mark, the flying dragon, though, according to Schuchardt, the dragon of the son may be known by its wings being folded. All pictures after the date 1553, (that of his father's death,) may be safely ascribed to him, and many such exist. J. A. Crowe, in the last edition of Kugler's ' Handbook,' mentions several in the principal church at Wittenberg. One of these he describes as a singular work bearing " distinct reference to the state of the Church in his time." It represents the vineyard of the Lord, one half of which is being destroyed by the clergy of the Romish Church, whilst the heroes of the Reformation are employed in cultivating the other," and is dated 1569. By this it is clear that he must have had the same warm Protestant S3'nipathies as his father. Other paintings by him are :
Berlin. Gallery. The Fountaia of Youth. 1546. Brunswick. Gallery. Preaching of John the Baptist. 1549. Dresden. Gallery. Crucifixion. I, „ Portraits of the Electors Maurice and Augustus. Leipsic. Museum. Crucifixion. 1557. Munich. Gallery. Virgin and Child with Grapes. Nordhausen. Raising of Lazarus. Wittenberg. Siadtkirche. Nativity. „ „ Crucifixiou. He, like his father, appears to have been a man of importance in Wittenberg, for he also filled the office of Burgomaster. He died at Wittenberg in 1586. No engravings by him are known, but it is believed that he furnished the designs for the woodcuts in Luther's translation of the Bible, printed at Leipsic in 1542, as well as for some por- traits, among which is a series of the Princes of Saxony. (See Passavant's ' Peintre-Graveur,' iv. 24) M. M. H.
CRANCH, John, who was bom at Kingsbridge, Devon, in 1751, practised historical and portrait painting as an amateur, with no great success, in London and Bath, where he died in 1821. His best work was the ' Death of Chatterton.' He excelled in so-called 'poker pictures.' The South Kensington Museum possesses a work by him, entitled ' Playing with Baby' (1795).
CRANE, TuoMAS, was bom at Cliester in 1808. Showing eariy a taste for art, in 1824 he came up to London, where he joined the schools of the Academy, and remained two years, obtaining, in 1825, the medal for his drawings from the antique. Returning to Chester, he commenced his profession as a miniature painter, and not very long after, he published, in conjunction with a brother, some sketches of celebrated characters in North Wales, among whom were Lady Eleanor Butler and Miss Ponsonby, the eccentric " Ladies of Llangollen." In 1832 he made his first appearance as an exhibitor at the Liverpool Academy, and continued to con- tribute to that Institution for many years. In 1835 he was elected an Associate, and in 1838 a full member of that Academy. But the delicate state of his health would not permit of his remaining in that town, and he removed to Torquay, where he resided twelve years, occasionally visiting the scene of his earlier connections in the North, where he procured lucrative commissions. He died in London in 1859. Crane was most successful in portraits of females and children, both in oil and water-colours ; his treatment of such subjects being so elegant and so full of fancy as almost to make them ideal works, yet without compromising their likeness. He also painted figure subjects, as: 'The First Whisper of Love,' 'The Deserted Village,' 'The Cobbler," The Old Romance,' 'The Bay Window,' and ' Masquerading,' most of which were exhibited at the Royal Academy.
CRANENBURGH, He.ndrik van, a Dutch land- scape painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1754. He was a pupil of Bnrbiers, but at the age of thirty he abandoned painting for the counting-house. He, however, continued to make many excellent copies of the works of the old masters, and died at Amsterdam in 1832.
CRANSSE, Jan, a Flemish painter, was bom at Antwerp in 1480. He painted historical subjects, and was received into the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1523, and became dean thereof in 1535. Van Mander speaks highly of a picture by this master which was formerly in the cathedral of Antwerp, representing ' Christ washing the Feet of His Disciples.' Two panels of coats of arms, one of the Chamber of Rhetoric of Diest, and the other of that of Turnhout, by him, are in the Antwerp Gallery.
CRAPELET, LoDls Amablk. a French water- colour painter, born at Auxerre in 1822, studied under Corot, Durand-Brager, and S^chan. He went to Egypt in 1852, and ascended the Nile as far as the third cataract, returning to France in 1854. Many of his drawings were the result of this expe- dition. He died at Marseilles in 1867.
CRASTONA, GioSEKFO, was born at Pa via in 1664, and was a scholar of Bernardino Ciceri. Ee excelled in painting landscapes and views of the vicinity of Rome, from designs he had made during a long residence in that city ; and these pictures, according to Orlandi, were greatly in vogue in his time. He died in 1718.
CRAWFORD, Edmund Thornton, a Scottish landscape painter, was bom at Cowden, near Dalkeith, in 1806. His father was a land surveyor, and Crawford was apprenticed when a boy to a house-painter in Edinburgh. Shortly afterivards, however, his indentures were cancelled, and he entered the Trustees' Academy, then under Andrew Wilson. In 1833 he paid the first of several visits to Holland. In 1839 he was elected an associate, and in 1848 a full member of the Scottish Academy. He died at Lasswade on September 29, 1885. His art was closely akin to that of Thomson of Duddingston. Works : Edinburgh. & Nat. Gall. Group of Trees. „ „ Coast scene. North Berwick. „ „ Close hauled, crossing the Bar.
CRAWFORD, William, a Scotch portrait and
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