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during the presidential tenure of Gerald Ford. Almost 250 NSSMs were generated during the Nixon-Ford years, and, perhaps more important, at least 318 presidentially approved NSDMs were issued.
Presidential Review Memoranda and Presidential Directives
The presidential national security studies and dicta emanating from the NSC system during the administration of President Jimmy Carter were called Presidential Review Memoranda (PRM) and Presidential Directives (PDs). Approximately 30 PRMs reportedly “were issued in the first half of 1977, over half of them during the President’s first week in office.”[1] President Carter is credited with issuing 63 PDs during his tenure.
National Security Study Memoranda and National Security Decision Directives.
President Ronald Reagan designated his instruments in the national security series as National Security Study Memoranda (NSSM) and National Security Decision Directives (NSDD). During his tenure, President Reagan issued 325 NSDDs.
National Security Reviews and National Security Directives
National security studies were called National Security Reviews (NSRs) by President George H. W. Bush, and his policy instruments were denominated as National Security Directives (NSDs).[2] He is credited with having issued 79 NSDs, as well as seven National Space Policy Directives (NSPDs).[3]
Presidential Review Directives and Presidential Decision Directives
For President William Clinton, Presidential Review Directives (PRDs) were the equivalent of the NSSMs of the Reagan Administration and the NSRs of the Bush Administration. Also, the Presidential Decision Directives (PDDs) of the Clinton Administration were equivalent to the NSDDs of the Reagan Administration and the NSDs of the George H. W. Bush Administration. President Clinton is credited with issuing 75 PDDs. Also, between January 25, 1994, and September 19, 1996, President Clinton signed eight separate and distinct PDDs arising from National Science and Technology Council deliberations.[4]
National Security Presidential Directives
- ↑ Philip A. Odeen, “Organizing for National Security,” International Security, vol. 5, Summer 1980, p. 114.
- ↑ U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security: The Use of Presidential Directives to Make and Implement U.S. Policy, GAO Report GAO/NSIAD-92-72 (Washington: January 1992).
- ↑ The NSPDs arose from the deliberations of the National Space Council, created by E.O. 12675 of April 20, 1989, 3 C.F.R., 1989 Comp., pp. 218-221.
- ↑ The National Science and Technology Council was established by E.O. 12881 of November 23, 1993, 3 C.F.R., 1993 Comp., pp. 679-681.
