OLD TESTAMENT
240
OLIER
In the thpolopical school. His first work, "Alcune
difficoltA principali dolla Krammatica" (Ancona, 1G37),
dealing with Latin niaiiwiiar, was written while he
was engaged in teaching the Iniinanities. He devnted
his later years to the study of liistory and hililiograpliy-
He prepared a new anii(itat<'d edition of the "History
of the Popes" by Alplidnsus Ciaoconius, up to Clement
IX (1667-9), "\'ita> et res gesta' Pontifieuni Roniano-
rum ct S.R.E. Cardinalium Alphonsi Ciacconi, O. P."
(4 vols., Rome, 1070-77). In connexion with this
he also published the following: "Necrologium Ponti-
ficum ac Pseudo-Pontiticum Romanorum" (Rome,
1671); " Clement es titulo sanctitatis vel niorum
sanctimonia illustres" (Perugia, 1675); "Athenccum
Roinanum, in quo .Summorum Pontificum ac Pseudo-
Pontificum necnon S.R.E. Cardinalium et Pseudo-
Cardinalium scripta publice exponuntur" (Perugia,
1670). J. Meuschcn published an excerpt from
Oldoini's "Catalogus eorum qui de Romanis Pontifi-
cibus scripserunt", in his work, " Ceremonialia elec-
tionis Pontificum Romanorum" (Frankfort, 1731).
Oldoini also pubhshed "Athenajum Augustum, in quo
Perusinorum scripta publice exponuntur" (Perugia,
16S0), and "Athena-um Ligusticum seu Syllabus
Scriptorum Ligurum necnon Sarzanensium ac Cyr-
nensium rcipubhca; Genuensis subditorum" (Perugia,
1680).
SoMMERVOGEL, BibUothkque de la C. de J., V (Brussels and Paris, 1894), 1880-81.
J. P. KiRSCH.
Old Testament. See Testament, The Old.
O'Leary, Arthur, Franciscan, preacher, polemical writer, b. at Faniobbus, Iveleary, Co. Cork, Ireland, 1729; d. in London, 8 Jan., 1802. Educated with the Franciscans of St. Malo, where he was ordained and acted as prison chaplain till 1771, he returned to Cork to engage in missionary work. Soon famous as a preacher, writer, and controversialist he published tracts characterized by learning, religious feeling, tol- eration, and steadfast allegiance to the Crown; but his zeal against religious bigotry led him to make rash admissions, and to expose himself unconsciously to the danger of heterodoxy. Among his writings are: "A Defence of the Di\inity of Christ and the Immortality of the Soul"; "Loj-alty asserted, or the Test Oath Vindicated"; "An Address to the Roman Catholics concerning the apprehended invasion of the French"; "Essay on toleration": "A reply to John Wesley". A brilliant wit, an honorary member of the famous "Monks of the screw", he was commonly called the Catholic Swift of Ireland. He is charged by Froude with having received secret-service money from the Government, but more impartial historians consider the charge unproven. From 1789 till his death he was chaplain to the Spanish embassy in London, and his society was courted by Burke, Sheridan, Fox, Fitzwilliam, and other leading men of Liberal views.
England. Li/e of Rev. Arthur O'Learu (Cork. 1822); Buckley, Li/e of Ret. Arthur O'Leary (Dublin, 1868); Froude, The English in Ireland in the eighteenth century; Life and times of Henry Grattan (London, 1832-46) ; Dictionary of British and American Authors (Philadelphia, 1859-71); Historical and Archeological Journal (Cork, Sept., 1892).
E. O'Leary.
Olenus, a titular see and suffragan of Patras, in Achaia Quarta, one of the twelve primitive cities of Achaia, on the left bank of the Peirus near Dyme. It is mentioned as early as 280 b. c. Shortly after, its inhabitants retired to the villages of Peirai, Euryteiai, and Dyme. At the time of Strabo (VIII, vii, 4), who locates it forty stadia from Dyme and eighty from Pa- tras, it was in ruins. It must have regained its popu- lation, for Honorius III in 1217 appointed its first bishop there. From the occupation of the Morea by the Franks, the Church of Olenus had been governed by the Archdeacon John, chaplain of Villehardouin. The Latin Diocese of Olenus was substituted for the
ancient Greek Sec of Elos, and covered the same terri-
tory. In the beginning the Latins formed two dio-
ceses, that of Olenus and that of Andravilla, the resi-
dence of the princes of Morea (Fabre, "Le Lilser
censuum de I'Eglise romaiiie", Paris, 1905, II, 8);
moreover it had only one bishop, that of Olenus, who
usually lived at Andravilla or Andravida (Hopf, "Ge-
schiehte Griechenlands" in Allg. Enryelop., LXXXV,
235; Buchon, Recherches historiques, 1, xxxix). Eu-
bel thinks the same in giving the long list of the Bish-
ops of Olenus and Andravilla in "Hierarchia cathoHca
medii a;vi", I, 89, 393; II, 99; III, 280. The Greek See
of Olenus was established (Gerland, "Neue Quellen
zur Geschichte des lateinischen Erzbistums Patras",
Leipzig, 1903, 104) shortly after 1340 with that of
Kernitza, at the same time Patras had lost all its suf-
fragans. This diocese is first found in a "Notitia
Episcopatuuni " of Constantinople after 1453 (Gel-
zer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitia; episcopa-
tuum", 634). To-day Olenus occupies the site of Tsu-
kaleika on the sea, about seven miles from Patras on
the way from Olympia. Andravilla, the ancient resi-
dence of the bishops of Olenus, about 38 miles from
Patras in the same direction, has 2700 inhabitants.
The Church of St. Sophia, the ancient cathedral of the
Latins, may be seen still, also the church of St. James,
belonging to the Templars, in which were interred
Geoffroy I, GeofTroy II, and Guillaume of Villehar-
douin, whose tombs have been restored.
LeQuien, Oriens ehristianus, III.
S. Vailh6.
Olesnicki, Zbigniew (Sbigneus), a Polish cardinal and statesman, b. in Poland, 1389; d. at Sandomir, 1 April, 1455. At the age of twenty he was secretary to King Jagello, and fought with him in the battle of Griinwald on 14 July, 1410. A favourite with the king, he took part in the management of the coun- try's most important affairs. His influence with the king greatly aided him in opposing the Hussites, who had gained royal favour. On 9 July, 1423, he was appointed to the episcopal see of Cracow, and in 1433 was sent by the king as legate to the council of Basle, where he endeavoured to be on friendly terms with both parties. On 18 December, 1439, he was created cardinal priest with the titular church of St. Prisca, by Eugene IV. The opinion that he accepted the same dignity from the antipope Felix V and ad- hered to him for some time has recently been at- tacked by P. M. Baumgarten: "Die beiden ersten Kardinals Konsistorien des Gegenpapstes Felix V " in "RomischeQuartalschrift", XXII (Rome, 1908), 153. As cardinal, his influence in Poland was second only to that of the king, and, during the frequent absence of Casimir IV in Lithuania, he transacted the affairs of the State. Being a man of great learning, he advanced the study of arts and letters in every possible way, and the flourishing condition of the University of Cracow during his episcopacy is due chiefly to his efforts. To repress the spread of Hussitism he called John Capis- tran and the Minorites to Cracow.
C.\RDELLA, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della s. romana chiesa, III (Rome, 1792, 81-4; Dziedubzycki, Zbigniew Olesnicki (2 vols., Cracow, 1853-4), in Polish; Zeoarski, Polen u. das Basler Konzil (Poaen, 1910).
Michael Ott.
Olier, Jean-Jacques, founder of the seminary and Society of St-Sulpice, b. at Paris, 20 Sept., 1608; d. there, 2 April, 1657. At Lyons, where his father had become administrator of justice, he made a thorough classical course under the Jesuits (1617-25); he was encouraged to become a priest by St. Francis de Sales, who predicted his sanctity and great services to the Church. He studied philosophy at the college of Harcourt, scholastic theology and patristics at the Sorbonne. He preached during this period, in virtue of a benefice with which his father had provided him,
