PAVIA
593
PAVIA
consuls. The coins of Pavia were in great demand,
while its agriculture and its industries flourished . The
city was able in war-time to arm 15,000 infantry and
3000 mounted troops. Pavia remained Ghibelline
even under Frederick II (1227), and in 1241 its forces
defeated the Pontifical Crusaders under Gregorio da
Montelongo. In the second half of the thirteenth cen-
tury contentions for the lordship of the city arose be-
tween the Langosco and the Beccaria families; and
this made it possible for Matteo Visconti (1315) to oc-
cupy the town, for which, however, the marquesses of
Montferrat also contended, until Galeazzo II Visconti
in 1359 suppressed the brief popular government that
was established by the Augustinian preacher, Jacopo
Bussolari (1356-59). From that time on, Pavia be-
longed to the Duchy of Milan; the Sforzas, however,
gave it a Government of its own. In 1499 Louis Xll
took the city, and thereafter severely punished an in-
surrection of the town against him In 1524 Pavia
was again besieged unsuccessfully bj the French and
in the following j'car, the battle th it rtci ided the ^pin
ish domination of
Milan was fought
there, for the taking
of Pavia by Lautrec
in 1527 had no impor-
tant consequence.
The town underwent
another siege by the
French in 1655. It
was taken by the .^us-
trians in 1706, and
again by the French in
1733 and in 1745; the
latter, however, were
obliged to leave it to
the Austrians^in 1746,
and PaviafoUowed tin'
fortunes of Lombard v.
In 1786, Joseph 11
established there one
of the so-called
' ' general seminaries ' ' ,
suppressed in 1791.
Pavia is the birthplace of: the historian Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona; St. Bernardo Balbi, a collector of decretals; the painter Andreino d'Edesia, a contem- porary of Giotto; the canon Zanella, inventor of the bassoon. The Gospel was brought to this city by St. Syrus, according to legend a disciple of St. Peter; but according to the martyrology of Ado, on the author- ity of an Aquileian martyrology, he was sent by St. Hermagoras, first Bishop of Aquileia. Admitting that Eventius, present at the Council of Aquileia in 381, was the sixth Bishop of Pavia, it may well be that this diocese dates from the second half of the third cen- tury; among its other bishops were Ursicinus (before 397); St. Crispinus (432); St. Epiphanius (466), a providential blessing to Italy in the time of Ricimer, Odoacer, and Theodoric; St. Maximus (496); Eniio- dius (511), a famous orator and poet, decorated by St. Hormisdas with the pallivim.
After the Lombard occupation, there was also an Arian bishop at Pavia; he had the church of San Euse- bio as cathedral; the last one of these was St. Anas- tasius, who became a Catholic and sole bishop of the see. After him were: St. Damianus, Biscossia (680), author of a letter against the Monothelites; Armen- tarius (seventh century) who contended with the Archbishop of Milan regarding metropolitan jurisdic- tion; St. Petrus (726), a relative of King Aripert, and therefore exiled in his youth by Grimoald; St. Theo- dorus (745), exiled for unknown reasons, returned only after the victories of Charlemagne; Waldo (791), formerly Abbot of Reichenau; St. Joannes (801); Joannes II (874), to whom John VIII gave the pal- lium, thereafter given to his successors; Joannes III XL— 38
(884), obtained the use of the cross and of the white
horse; Pietro Canepanova (978), chancellor of Otto
II, became Pope John XIV; Gulielmo (1073), followed
the antipope Guibert, and was deposed; Guido Pipari
(1100), more of a warrior than a prelate; Pietro Tos-
cano (1148), a Cistercian, friend of St. Bernard and of
St. Thomas k Becket, expelled by Barbarossa, who
held the Conciliabulum of Pavia against Alexander III
in 1159; St. Lanfranc (1180) and St. Bernardo Balbi
(1198), famous jurists and canonists; St. Fulco Scotti
(1216); Guido de Langosco (1296), also a canonist;
Isnardo Tocconi, O.P., administrator of the diocese
from 1311 to 1320 and imprisoned as a suspect of
heresy, but acquitted; Gulielmo Centuaria (1386), O.
Min., noted for his apostolic zeal; Francesco Picco-
pasio (1427), took a great part in the Council of Basle;
Giovanni Castiglioni (1454), became cardinal, and
served on several occasions as pontifical legate; Car-
dinal Jacopo \mmannati (1460), distinguished him-
self m the defence of the Marches against Sigismondo
M d il( 1 1 dso a protector of belles-lettres; Cardinal
Ascanio Sforza (1479) ;
Canlinal Francesco
Alidosio (1.505), killed
at Ravenna in 1511;
C;ian M. del Monte
(1520), became Pope
Julius III; Ippolito
de Rubcis (1564). re-
stored the cathedral,
founded the seminary,
and introduced the
reforms of the Coun-
cil of Trent; he had
disputes with St.
Charles Borromeo in
regard to metropolitan
rights, and later be-
came cardinal; St.
Alcssandro Sauli
(1591-93); Jacopo
Antonio Morigia
(1701); Luigi Tosi
(1822), who gave to
Mgr Dupuch, Archbishop of Carthage, the forearm of
St. Augustine; Pietro M. Ferre (18.59), for two years
prevented by the new Government from taking posses-
sion of his diocese; Lucido M. Parrochi (1871-77), be-
came a cardinal and Vicar Apostolic of Rome.
The councils of Pavia were held in the following years: 850, 855, 876, 879, 889, 997, 998, 1018, 1046, 1114, 1128, 1423, which last was transferred later to Pisa.
The diocese is a suffragan of Milan; it has 82 par- ishes, 110,300 inhabitants, 4 religious hou.ses of men, and 19 of women, 2 educational establishments for boys, 4 for girls, and 1 tri-weekly publication.
Cappelletti, Le Chiese d' Italia, X; Capsoni. Memorie slor. di Pavia (17S2); Marroni, De ecclesia et episcopia PapiensibuB (Pavia, 17.57) ; Morbio, Storia dei municipii italiani {Pavia and Milan, 1840).
U. Benigni.
University of Pavia. — Pavia was, even in Ro- man times, a literary centre (Ennodius) ; as the capi- tal of the Lombard" kingdom it had its "grammar" schools, and Em))eror Lofhair erected a "central" school there (825). In the tenth and twelfth centu- ries there were jirofessors of <lialoct ic and law as well as of literature, .and, although the authority of Bologna was then incontestable, the opinions of the "Papien- ses" were cited with respect. One of these was a cer- tain Lanfr.anco. .\nother Lanfranco, who died bishop of the city, had been prcjfessor of arts and theology. Until KiCi'l there was no SlNiliinii Cniirair at Pavia; whoever .sought legal hnnoiir- weiii ti. P.ologna. There were other schools, however, at the beginning of the fourteenth century. In 1361 Galeazzo II obtained
