PORTTTGITESE
311
t>ORTtTGtrESe
Julio Dantas, Marcellino Mesquita, and Eduardo
Schwalbach, drama is more flourisiiing than ever be-
fore and Garrett's work has fructified fifty years after
his death.
C. The Novel is really a creation of the nineteenth centurj' and it began with historical romances in the style of Walter Scott by Herculano, to whom suc- ceeded Rebello da Silva with "A Mocidade de D. Joao V", Andrade Cor^'o, and others. The romance of manners is due to the versatile CamiUo Castello Branco, a rich impressionist who describes to per- fection the life of the early part of the centurj- in "Amor de Perdiijao", "Novellas do Minho", and other books. Gomes Coelho (Julio Diniz), a roman- tic ideaUst and subjective writer, is known best by "As Pupillas do Snr Reitor", but the great creative artist was E^a de Queiroz, founder of the Naturalist School, and author of "Primo Basilio", "Correspon- dencia de Fradique Mendes", "A Cidade e as Serras". His characters five and many of his descriptive and satiric passages have become classical. Among the lesser novelists are Pinheiro Chagas, Amaldo Gama, Luiz de Magalhaes, Teixeirade Queiroz, and Malheiro Dias.
D. Other prose. — Historj' became a science with Herculano whcse "Historia de Portugal" is also valu- able for its sculptural style and Oliveira Martins ranks high as a painter of scenes and characters in "Os Filhos de D. Joao" and "Vida de Nun' Alvares". A strong gift of humour distinguishes the "Farpas" of Ramalho Ortigao, as well as the work of Fialho d'Almeida and Julio Cesar Machado, and hterar\- criticism had able exponents in Luciano Cordeiro and Moniz Barreto. The "Panorama" under the editor- ship of Herculano exercised a sound and vdde influence over letters, but since that time the press has become less and less literarj- and now treats of little save politics.
X. Br.\zilian Literature. — The literature of in- dependent Brazil really began with the Romantic Movement , which was introduced in 1836 by Domingos de Magalhaes, whose "Suspiros Poeticos" reveal the influence of Lamartine. This religious phase was immediately followed by that of Indianism suggested by Chateaubriand and Fenimore Cooper, which had its chief exponent in Gongalves Dias, a melodious lyricist. Byron and Musset were the fathers of the next phase of Romanticism and its interpreters in- cluded Alvares de Azevedo, the introducer of humour, and Casimiro de Abreu, two poets whose popularity has endured. Lucindo Rebello belongs to the same epoch, but shows a more spontaneous inspiration, and the verse of Fagundes Varella forms a link with a new school in which the ardour and humanitarianism of Hugo inspired the patriotic muse of Tobias Barreto, an objective poet of wide sjinpathies, imagination, and feeling, and of Castro Alves, who sang the horrors of slavery while, later still, Pamassianism overran the whole of poetrj-.
Brazil has yet to produce drama, but in the romance she has acknowledged masters in Jose de Alencar whose "Guarany" and "Ira<jema" are standard books, and in the p.sychologist, Machado de Assis. The Ro- manticists mostly addressed themselves to the emo- tions rather than to the intelligence, but Machado de Assis rises to a more general conception of life, both in prose and verse. In "Bras Cubas" he has the irony of Sterne, and the piu-e, simple diction and distin- guished style of Garrett, together with a reser\-e rarely found in a modern Latin writer. Brazil has now emancipated herself from mere imitation of foreign models and her novelists and critics of to-day show an originality and strength which promises much for the future of a literature still in its youth.
Prestaoe. PortuQtifse Literature to the end of the eiohleerUh cen- tury (London, 1909) ; Idem. Portuguese Literature in the nineUenth century in Saintbbcbt, Perioda of European Literature: Idem, The
Later Nineteenth Century (London, 1907); Silta AN'D Araxha,
Diccionario Bibliographico Porluguez (19 vols., Lisbon. 1858-
1909); Braga. Historia da LUteratura Porlugueza (32 vols..
Oporto); Remedios, Historia da Litteratura Portugueza (3rd ed..
Coimbra, 1908); V.^sconcellos. Geseh. der Portugiesischen Lit-
teratur in Grober. Grundriss der Rom, Philologie (1893—4);
Romero, Historia da Litteratura BrasiUira (2 vols., Rio de Ja-
neiro, 1903).
Edgar Prestage.
Portuguese East Africa consists of the Pro\-ince of Mozambique. Portuguese activity on that coast began in 1.50.5 with the foundation of the Captaincy of Sofala, and in 1558 a fortress was built at Mozam- bique, the port of call for ships bound to and from India, and the centre from which the discoverers penetrated into the interior, over-running the native empire of Monomotapa in quest of gold. For cen- turies these territories were ruled from Goa, but in 1752 they became an independent government, though, until recently, Portuguese authority was al- most limited to the coast line. While much dimin- ished in size by virtue of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (11 June, 1891), which settled a serious boundary quarrel with England, the province comprises 1428 miles of coast line from Cape Delgado to the southern limit of the district of Louren^o Marques, with a superficial area of 292,631 square miles. The greater part of the sea coast is low lying, with coral reefs, sand dunes and swamps, and the cUmate is hot and un- healthful, but the hinterland has mountainous dis- tricts and elevated table lands which are suitable for European colonization. The mean annual temper- ature is high. The rainy season lasts from November to March, the cool, from April to August. The prov- ince is ser\-ed by a number of fine harbours, including Louren^o Marques, the best in south-east Africa, which is connected with the Transvaal by a railway, Beira, the outlet for the produce of the Ma.shona gold fields and joined to them by rail, Inhambane, Chinde, Quilimane, Ibo, and Mozambique. Besides the river Zambesi and its tributaries, other large rivers give communication to the interior, .such as the Incomati and the Limpopo, and Lake Nyassa, with an area of 11,551 square miles, is on the frontier between Por- tuguese and British territorj'. Mozambique is con- nected with Europe by several lines of steamers, English, German, and Portuguese.
For administrative purposes the province is di^■ided into the following districts, Mozambique. Zambezia, Tete, Inhambane, Louren^o Marques and the militarj- district of Gaza, each having a governor, while there is also a governor-general for the province who resides in Louren^o Marques. Major Freire de Andrade, the late governor-general, did much for the progress of the colony which of late has been rapid. Its commercial movement in 1892 was valued at 4951 conlos tie rcis, but in 1901 it had reached 21, .542 eotUos, and that of the Port, of Louren^o Marques increased tenfold between 1892 and 1899. Since then the rate of progress has been well maintained. Inland trade is chiefly in the hands of Indians (Banyans), while that of the coast is done by EngUsh houses. The system of government by chartered companies, which succeeded in neighbouring British colonies, has been tried here and the Mozambique and Nyassa Com- panies have jurisdiction over large territories, unde- veloped for lack of funds. It is only recently that the Portuguese Government has completed the occupa- tion of the province. Mozambique is rich in minerals, and among vegetable products sugar is raised in in- ereasing quantities, while the ex-tensive forests have valuable timber trees. The native population is of Bantu race and numbers about three millions. The wliites number only a few thousand. For purposes of justice the province is di\-ided into seven coinarcas and the town of Mozambique has a Tribunal of Second Instance composed of three judges; for eccle- eiastical purposes it has a prelacy with jurisdiction
