RAIBOLINI
634
RAINALD
by a long series of bishops. For more than a thou-
sand years Ragusa was an independent republic and
consequently had archbishops. The first archbishop
was Joannes II (d. 970). After the dissolution of the
repubhc (1S06) the see was vacant for a long time,
until in 1S30 Ragusa was once more the see of a bishop.
At the present day the diocese has a Catholic
population of 73,000, with 11.5 secular priests; re-
ligious orders of men, 93 members in 19 houses;
religious orders of women, .51 members.
DOLCI, De Ragusini episcopaius antiquitate. Acce4it eiusdem tcclesim antistilum series chronologica (Ancona, 1761); F.4RL.1TI, lUyricum sacrum O'enice, 1751-1819); CoLETi. torn. VI, 1-285; Theineb, Vetera monumenla historica, II (Rome. 1839).
C. WOLFSGRUBER.
Raibolini, Francesco. See Francia.
Raich, JoHAXx Mich.vel, Catholic theologian, b. at Ottobeuren in Bavaria, 17 January, 1S32; d. at Mainz, 28 March, 1907. Raich pursued his gym- nasial studies under the Benedictines at St. Stephen's at Augsburg, and studied philosophy and theology at the Collegium Germanicum at Rome (1852-5). On 29 May, 1858, he was ordained priest at the same place. In the autumn of 1859 he left Rome and went to Mainz as secretary of Bishop von Ketteler. He accompanied the bishop on journeys and thus was at Rome during the Vatican Council. He was also a cathedral prebend from 4 May, 1867. After the death of Bishop von Ketteler, during the years of the Kulturkampf, Raich had a position in the episcopal Chancery. On 29 November, 1890, Bishop Haff- ner appointed him cathedral canon, and on 11 April, 1900, he became cathedral dean.
Raich did much notable literar\' work. Among his writings are: "Die Auflehnung Dollingers gegen die Kirche u. ihre Autoritiit " (Mainz, 1871) ; "Ueber das Alter der Erst communicant en" (Mainz, 1875); "Shakespeare's Stellung zur katholischen Religion" (Mainz, 1S8-1); "Die innere Unwahrheit der Frei- maurerei" (first issued at Mainz, 1884. under the pseudonj-m of Otto Beuren; 2nd ed. under his own name Raich, 1897); "St. Augustinusu. derMosaische Schopfungsbericht" (Frankfort -on-Main, 1889). Be- sides these original works he edited the following: Liebermann's "Institutiones theological" (10th ed., 2 vols., Mainz, 1870); "Joannis Maldonati Com- mentarii in quatuor Evangelistas" (new ed., 2 vols.. Mainz, 1874); "Predigten des Bischofs von Ketteler' (2 vols., Mainz, 1878); "Briefe von u. an Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherm von Ketteler, Bischof von Mainz" (Mainz, 1879); "Hirtenbriefe von Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherm von Ketteler, Bischof von Mainz" (Mainz, 1904); "Xovalis' Briefwechsel mit Schlegel" (Mainz, 1880); "Dorothea von Schlegel geb. Mendelssohn und deren Sohne Johannes und Philipp Veit, Briefwechsel" (2 vols., Mainz, ISSl); J. B. Radv's "Gcschichte der katholischen Kirche in Hessen"" (Mainz. 1904). After the deathof Hein- rich and Moufang, Raich was editor of " Der Katholik" from 1891 to 1907. From 1887 he also revised the "Frankfurter zcitgemiissen Broschiiren".
FoBSCHXER, Dr. Johann Michael Raich, Domdekan zu Mainz in Der Katholik (1907), I. 243-51. with portrait; the same aa a separate publication (Mainz, 1907).
Friedrich Lauchert.
Raimondi, Marcantonio, engraver, b. at Bologna, 1475 (14S0?); d. there, 1.530 (1534?). He studied under the goldsmith and nielUst Francia, and later often signed his work M-A. F., F referring to his teacher. His eariiest plate (1505), "PjTamus and Thisbe", shows a goldsmith-like shading. His first artistic stimulation came from seeing plates by DUrer, some of which lie copied (1506) with such perfection that they sold as originals. AMien rebuked by the Venetian Senate on Diirer's complaint, the young man subsequently addtnl his own to Diirer's initials.
MARC.v^.■TO^^o Ra
Detail from "The Expulsion of Helio-
doni3"'. Raphael, Vatican
From Lucas of Leyden Raimondi also learned much;
his burin gained in mellowness from engraving
Perazzo's work. Rapidly assimilating and always
simplifying, Marcantonio's "Mars and Cupid"
(1508) finds him master of technic and finished in
style.
About this time Raimondi left for Rome, stopping at Florence to sketch Michelangelo's (lost) cartoon "The Climbers", which he afterwards engraved in Rome (1510). Seeing a proof of this Raphael ex- claimed: "It is the finest I have ever seen and the finest that can be seen!" The two artists became friends and Raimondi's next work was Raphael's "The Death of Lucretia". This and later plates show the darks be- coming less dra- matic and the burin work more "open". Raphael left much to Rai- mondi, never giv- ing him a finished picture but a pen- cil or pen outline- drawing, knowing that the proper treatment and elaboration would come from his en- graver; and hence there is often a marked discrep- ancy between an oil by Raphael and Raimondi's engraving thereof. Marcantonio's triumphs in Rome equalled those of Raphael; Diirer ^TOte for proofs from his hand, and German engravers flocked to Rome to study under him. Romano .and .Vretino subsequently induced him to engrave obscene or suggestive plates, for which he was imprisoned by Pope Clement, who, however, freed him several months later at the solicitation of Cardinal de Medici. In 1527, at the sack of Rome, he is said to have escaped, leaving a fortune and his plates in the \-ictors' hands. Some authorities record that he died four years before this, heartbroken at the death of Raphael. Raimondi opened up a new p^o^^nce of the burin — reproduc- tion; he inspired the largest following that ever an engraver had. and he drew as well as da Vinci or Raphael. "His sentiment was noble, his taste pure" (Delaborde); his style, simple and sober, his model- ling of figures beautiful, and he was the first engraver who omitted det:iils. Of texture, tone, and local colour of modern engravers he had not a trace. Raimondi engraved about six hundred plates. His best are: "Adam and Eve" (probably the finest); "Virgin with the Bare Arm"; "Massacre of the Innocents"; "The Plague"; "The Judgment of Paris" (with a trace of goldsmith-like shading).
Hind, A Short History of Engraring and Etching (New York, 1908); DEL.4BORDE, La Gravure (Paris, s. d.); Lippmax, En- graring and Etching (3rd ed., New York, 1910).
Leigh Hunt.
Rainald of Dassel, b. prob.ibly not before 1115; d. in It;dy, 14 .\ugust, 1167. .\ younger son of a rich Saxon count, Rainald I, and destined as such to be an ecclesiastic, he was sent to the cathedral school at Hildesheim. At a later date he probably went to Paris. .\s early as 1130 he is said to have had a high reputation for classical learning, and to have been a member of the cathedral chajjter of Hildesheim. According to documentary evidence he was provost in 1148, and in 1154 received the provostship of Peters- berg at Goshar and of St. Moritz at Hildesheim. Soon after 1154 he was also provost of the cathedral chap-
