SAINT CATHERINE
341
SAINT-CLAUDE
near St-Nicholas du Pelem; Notre Dame de La abbots of Condat, which was distinguished also by
Ronce, at Rostrencn, a sanctuary raised to the col-
legiate dignity by Sixtus IV in 1483.
Before the application of the law of 1901 against the congregations there were in the Diocese of Saint- Brieuc, Eudists, Franciscans, Priests of the Immacu- late Conception, Marists, Marianitcs, Salcsians, Fathers of the Holy Ghost and the Holy Heart of Mary, Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God, and various teaching orders of brothers. Several con- gregations of nuns were founded in the diocese, par- ticularly the Filles du Saint Esprit, hospitallers, teachers and nurses of the poor, founded in 1706 at Plerin b}^ Mme. Balavoine and Renee Burel, with their mother-house at Saint-Brieuc; the Filles dc Ste Marie de la Presentation, teachers and hos- pitallers, founded in 1836 by Abbe Fleury, their mother-house at Broons ; the Filles de La Providence, a teaching body, founded by Abbe Jean-Marie de Lamennais, with its mother-house at Saint-Brieuc; the Filles de La Divine Providence, teachers and hos- pitallers, with their mother house at Crehcn. The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary was founded in 1880 at St. Joseph des Chatelets, near St-Brieuc, to assist the missionaries. It has (1911) a sem- inary to prepare sisters for the foreign missions; houses of the institute have been established in China, India, Japan, Canada, Belgian Congo, and Madagascar. At the close of the nineteenth cen- tury the religious congregations directed in the dio- cese of Saint-Brieuc, 1 creche, 33 schools, 1 school for the deaf and dumb, 2 boys' orphanages, 13 girls' orphanages, 1 refuge for poor girls, 1 pcnitentiarj'^ for boys, 7 homes for the poor, 13 hospitals or hos- pices, 6 houses of nuns devoted to nursing the sick in their own homes, 2 houses of retreat, 1 hospice for incurables, and 2 asylums for the insane. At the time of the destruction of the Concordat (1905) the Diocese of Saint-Brieuc contained 609,349 inhabitants, 48 parishes, 354 succursal parishes, 395 vicariates, towards the support of which the State contributed.
Gallia Christ (nova, 1856), XIV, 1085-1106; 1119-.36; in- strum., 261-74; Huffeuet, Annales Briochines ou abregS chrono- lofjique de I'histoire eccUsiastique, civile et liUeraire du diocise de St-Brieuc, ed. Ropartz (Saint-Brieuc, 1850); Guimart, Histoire des Sviques de Saint-Brieuc (Saint-Brieuc, 1852) ; Geslin de Bour- OOGNE AND DE Barth£lemt, Anciens Sviches de Bretogne: Diocise de Saint-Brieuc (6 vols., Paria, 1855-G4) ; Tresvaux, L'Eglixe de Bretagne (Paris, 1839) ; Chevauer, Topo-hibl., pp. 2676-77; 3154.
Georges Goyau.
Saint Catherine of Sinai, K^ghts of. See Catherine, Monastery of Saint.
Saint-Claude, Diocese of (Sancti Claudii). — The Diocese of Saint-Claude comprised in the eigh- teenth century only twenty-six parishes, subject pre- viously to the Abbey of Saint-Claude, and some parishes detached from the Dioceses of Besan^on and Lyons. By the Concordat of 1802, the territory of this diocese was included in that of Bcsan9on. Later the Concordat of 1817 re-erected the Diocese of Saint- Claude, giving it as territory the Department of Jura, and making it suffragan to Lyons. The Abbey of Saint-Claude, the cradle of the diocese, was one of the most distinguished in the Christian world. Between 425 and 430 the hermits Saint Romanus and Saint Lupicinus withdrew into the desert of Condat, where Saint-Claude now stands, and there founded the monastery of Condat ; other monks were attracted to them, the land was cleared, and three new monas- teries were founded: those of Lauconne, on the site of the present village of Saint Lupicin; La Balme, where Yole, the sister of Sts. Romanus and Lupicinus, assembled her nuns; and Romainmoutier, in the present Canton of Vaud. After the death of St. Romanus (d. about 460), St. Lupicinus (d. about 480), St. Mimausus, St. Oyent (d. about 510), St. Anti- diolus, St. Olympus, St. Sapiens, St. Thalasius, St. Dagamond, St. Auderic, and St. Injuriosus were
the virtues of the holy monks, St^ Sabinian, St.
Palladius, and St. Valentine (fifth century), St.
Justus, St. Hymetierus, and St. Point (sixth century).
The rule which was followed at the beginning in the
monastery of Condat was drawn up between 510 and
515 and adopted by the great monastery of Agaune;
later the rule of St. Benedict was introduced at Con-
dat. Flourishing schools arose at once around Condat
and from them came St. Romanus, ArchbLshop of
Reims, and St. Viventiolus, Archbishop of Lyons. In
the early years of the sixth century the peasants who
gathered around the monastery of Condat created the
town which was to be known later by the name of
Saint-Claude.
The Life of St. Claudius, Abbot of Condat, has been the subject of much controversy. Dom Benoit says that he lived in the seventh century; that he had been Bishop of Besangon before being abbot, that he was fifty-five years an abbot, and died in 694. He left Condat in a very flourishing state to his successors, among whom there were a certain number of saints: St. Rusticus, St. Aufredus, St. Hippolvtus (d. after 776), St. Vulfredus, St. Bertrand, St. Ribert, all be- longing to the eighth century. Carloman, uncle of Charlemagne, went to Condat to become a religious; St. Martin, a monk of Condat, was martyred by the Saracens probably in the time of Charlemagne. This emperor was a benefactor of the Abbey of Condat; but the two diplomas of Charlemagne, formerly in posses- sion of the monks of Saint-Claude, and now preserved in the Jura archives, dealing with the temporal interests of the abbey, have been found by M. Poupardin to be forgeries, fabricated without doubt in the eleventh century. A monk of Condat, Venerable Manon, after having enriched the abbey library with precious manu- scripts, was, about 874, appointed by Charles the Bald, head of the Palace School, where he had among his pupils, St. Radbod, Bishop of Utrecht. Two abbots of Condat, St. Remy (d. 875) and St. Aurelian (d. 895), filled the archiepiscopal See of Lyons. In the eleventh century the renown of the Abbey of Condat was increased by St. Stephen of Beze (d. 1110) and by St. Simon of Crepy (b. about 1048), a descendant of Charl(>magne; this saint was brought up by Matliilda, wife of William the Conqueror, was made Count of Valois and Vexin, fought against Philip I, King of France, and then became a monk of Condat. He afterwards founded the monastery of IMouthe, went to the court of William the Conqueror to bring about his reconciliation with his son, Robert, and died in 1080.
The body of St. Claudius, which had been concealed at the time of the Saracen invasions, was discovered in 1160, visited in 1172 by St. Peter of Tarentaise, and solemnly carried all through Burgundy before being brought back to Condat. The abbey and the town, theretofore known as St. Oyent, were thenceforward called by the name of Saint-Claude. Among those who made a pilgrimage to Saint-Claude were Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in 1369, 1376, and 1382, Philip the Good in 1422, 1442, and 1443, Charles the Rash in 1401, Louis XI in 1456 and 1482, Blessed Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, in 1471. In 1500 Anne of Brittany, wife of Louis XII, went there in thanks- giving for the birth of her daughter Claudia. The territory of Saint-Claude formed a veritable state; it was a member of the Holy Empire, but it was not a fief, and was independent of the Countship of Bur- gundy. In 1291, Rudolph of Hapsburg named the dauphin, Humbert de Viennois, his vicar, and en- trusted him with the defense of the monastiTy of Saint-Claude. In the course of time, the Al)bey of Saint-Claude became a kind of Chai)ter, to enter which it was necessary to give proof of four degrees of nobil- ity. The system of "commendam" proved injurious to the religious life of the abbey. Among the com-
