SALERNO
397
SALERNO
einated by the Amalfians in 1031. It was only with
the assistance of the Normans that his son Gisulfus
III was able to recover his throne. The cruelty of
Gisulfus against the Amalfians gave to Robert Guis-
card, brother-in-law of Gisulfus, a pretext to wage
war and to take possession of Salerno, which was
bravely defended (1075). Gisulfus ended his days
in the pontifical states. Thus the last Lombard
principality of Italy came to an end. At the death
of Guiscard his states were divided; Salerno was
inherited by Roger, who was succeeded (1111) by his
son WiUiam; at the latter's death Salerno gave itself
to Roger II of Sicily (1127), from whom it was taken
by the Emperor Lothair (1137), although the latter
was unable to hold it. In 1196 Salerno was again
besieged, by land and sea, for having held Constance,
wife of Henry IV, a prisoner. For this offence dread-
ful revenge was taken and Salerno never recovered
from the damage done to it in the pillage. The heirs
in 1811, together with the University of Salerno.
Among the famous physicians that it produced were:
Garisponto, author of the " Passionarium Salerni";
Cofone (Ars medendi); and Matthaius Platearius,
author of a commentary on the "Antidotarium" of
Nicol6 Pietro Musandino (thirteenth century).
The "Herbarium" of the school of Salerno was dis-
seminated throughout Europe in the twelfth century.
In the same century the rules of h3'giene of this
school were collected and edited in leonine verse;
these rules, which even now are not antiquated, were
the school's greatest title to praise. The "Anony-
mus Salernitanus " who continued the history of the
princes of Benevento from Erchempertus to 980,
Andrea Sabatini a pupil of Raphael, and Andrea da
Salerno were natives of this city.
In view of its position, it was natural that Salerno should receive the light of the Gospel at an early date; in fact, various saints, as Antes, Caius, and For-
of the first princes of the House of Anjou bore the
title of Prince of Salerno; John II inve.sted with it
Girolamo Colonna, nephew of Martin V. Charles
V suppressed the principality, but the province con-
tinued to be called Principahty of Salerno.
The medical school of Salerno was famous in medieval history; it was founded neither by Charles the Great nor by the Arabs, the city never having been under the dominion of either. Its origin is to be found in the Benedictine monastery of Salerno, established in 794, in which the botanical and the medical works of the ancients were studied. Its fame grew, when about the year 1070 the celebrated Costantino Africano took refuge there. He had studied in the schools of the Arabs at Babylon, at Bagdad, and in Eygpt, and was presented by the brother of the caliph of Babylon to Guiscard, who took him as secretary. He gave a new impulse to philosophical and to medical studies by making known in the West the works of the Arabs. Roger I gave laws to the schools of Salerno, which was the first Western school to introduce academic degrees. New regulations were established for it by Frederick II, who ordered that no one should practise medicine without being "licensed" by that school, the fame of which waned after the fifteenth century through the competition of Naples. The school was suppressed
tunatus (28 August), suffered martyrdom there. The
age of Bonifacius and four other saints who preceded
Gaudentius on the episcopal throne is uncertain;
Gaudentius, however, was bishop in 499, which would
show that the see was created towards the end of the
fourth century. Other bishops were: Asterius, who
went to Constantinople with Pope Agapitus in 534;
St. Gaudiosus (eighth century); Petrus (834), formerly
BLshop of Canusio, who took refuge at Salerno
when the Saracens destroyed his capital, and built
the Church of San Giovanni Battista; Bernardus
(850), a man of great virtue, who restored several
buildings. In 984 Salerno became an archiepisco-
pal see, the first archbishop being Amato. Other
archbishops were: San Alfano (1058-85), who re-
ceived the exiled Gregory VII; Romualdo Guarna
(1153), who took an important part in the ecclesias-
tical and political affairs of the Kingdom of Naples;
Nicolo Agello (1181), taken prisoner by Henry IV
to Germany, where he remained for many years
notwithstanding the prayers of the popes, espe-
cially of Innocent III; Guglielmo de' Godoni (1298),
chancellor of the Duke of Calabria, whose successors,
to Orso Minutolo (13.30), resided at Avignon; Barnaba
Orsini (1441), who restored the cathedral; Giovanni
Vera (1500), later a cardinal, who was sent on several
pontifical legations to France and to England; Giro-
