STANYHURST
248
STAPHYLUS
continued his astronomical labours, and made ex-
tensive observations, particularly on comets, the re-
sults of which he sent to Europe for publication.
His chief works are: "Dioptra geodetica" (Prague,
1652 or 1654), " Propositioncs selenegraphicae, sive
de luna" (Olmiitz, 1655); "Orbe Affonsino, horo-
scopio universal" (Evora, 1658); "Mercurius bra-
silicus, sive de Coeli et soli brasiliensis ceconomia";
"Zodiacus Divini Doloris, sive Orationes XII"
(Evora, 1675), "Legatus uranicus ex orbe novo in
veterum, h. e. Observationes Americanse cometarum
factte, conscriptse et in Europam raissoe" (Prague,
1683); "Uranophilus coelestis peregrinus" (Ghent,
1685).
SOMMERVOOEL, Bibl. de la C. de J.. VII (Brussels, 1896).
Edward C. Phillips.
Stanyhurst, Richard, Catholic controversialist, historian, and devotional writer, b. at Dublin, 1547; d. at Brussels, 1618. He was the son of James Stanyhurst, speaker of the Irish House of Commons and a leading Dublin Protestant. After leaving his school at Waterford he went to University College, Oxford, becoming B.A. in 1568, and then studied law in London. At O.xford lie had met Bl. Edmund Campion, and he accompanied the latter on his visit to Ireland, helping him to collect material for his history of Ireland. He himself WTOte the "De- scription of Ireland" and the "History of Ireland under Henry VIII", both published in Hohnshed's "Chronicles", 1577. In several ways these works gave offence to Irish Catholics. In 1579 Stanyhurst's first wife, Janet Barnewall, died, and he left England for the Low Countries, where he became a Catholic. At Leyden he published his extraordinary translation of Virgil's jEneid into English hexameters (1582). Latex he wrote "De rebus in Hibernia gestis" (1584) and " De Vita S. Patricii" (1587). In 1585 he married Helen Copley, by whom he had two sons, both after- wards Jesuits. Subsequently he spent some years in Spain as adviser to the Government on English affairs. On the death of his second wife, in 1602, he became a priest and was appointed chaplain to Arch- duke Albert, also assisting the Enghsh Benedictine nuns at Brussels. He published two devotional works, "Hebdomada Mariana" (1609) and "Hebdo- mada Eucharistica" (1614). His last work was "Brevis praemunitio pro futura concertatione cum Jacobo Usserio", in which he replied to the treatise of his Protestant nephew, James Ussher, afterwards Archbishop of Armagh.
Wood, ed. Bliss, Alhenu: Oxonienscs (London, 1813-20); Simpson, Life of Edmund Campian (London, 1867); Foley, Records Eng. Prov., S.J., VII (London, 18S2); Wright, The Ussher Memoirs (London. 1889); Lee in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Arber, Introduction to his Reprint of Stanyhurst's Tr. of Virgil (London, 1895).
Edwin Burton.
Stanza, an Italian word signifying room, chamber, apartment. In English the term is chiefly used for Raphael's celebrated Stanze iu the Vatican Palace, four in number, the walls of which were frescoed by Raphael and his pupils. The paintings in these chambers by Raphael's own hand belong to the most sublime monuments of Italian art, and rank with Michelangelo's ceiUng frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. For a description of the i)aintings consult the articles Raphael; Vatican.
Stapf, Joseph Ambrose, theologian, b. at Fliess in the valley of the Upper Inn in the Tyrol, Austria, 15 August, 1785; d. at Brixen, 10 January, 1844. He studied at Innsbruck, and obtained the Degree of Doctor of Theology, and in 1821 became professor of moral thcHilogy at the lyceum at Innsbruck. In 1823 he was mjmi'Ic pnifcs.sor <if iiicir:il th<H)logy and pedagogy at thi-Kcriiinary of Bri.vn, where he wius later a cathedral canon. His <hief work is "Theologia
moraUs in compendium redacta" (4 vols., Innsbruck,
1827-30; 6th ed., 1846; 7th ed., 1855); the merits of
this work consist in its strictly orthodox character,
clear and precise presentation, and practical useful-
ness. From 1830 it was officially made a text-book
for all seminaries of Austria. Much used as a tex"t^
book also was a compendium of this work: "Epitome
theologiae moralis publicis prEelectionibus accommo-
data" 12 vols., Innsbruck, 1832; 2nd ed., 1842; 3rd
ed. revised by J. V. Hofmann (volume I) and Simon
Aichner (volume II), 1863-65]. At a later date
Stapf made a free German revision, which showed the
influence of Hirscher "Die christliche Moral. Als
Antwort auf die Frage: Was wir thun mtissen, um in
das Reich Gottes einzugehen" (4 vols., Innsbruck,
1841-42; 2nd ed. edited after Stapf 's death by J. V.
Hofmann under the title: "Die christliche Sitten-
lehre" (3 vols., 1848-49)]. Besides these Stapf
wrote: " Erziehungslehre im Geiste der katholischen
Kirche" (lnn.sbruck, 1832; 4th ed., 1846; 5th ed.
edited by J. V. Hofmann, 1854); "Expositio ca.suum
reservatorum in diocesi Brixinensi" (Brixen, 1836);
"Der hi. Vincentius von Paul, dargestellt in seinem
Leben und Wirken" (anonymous, 2 vols., Vienna,
1837); "Biblische Geschichte des Alten and Neuen
Bundes zum Gebrauche der Hauptschulen in den k. k.
osterreichischen Staaten" (1840).
WuRzBACH, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oester- reich, XXXVII (Vienna, 1878), 144 sq.; Hcrter, Nomenclatur, III (2nded.), 1151.
Friedrich Lauchert.
Staphylus, Friedrich, theologian, b. at Osna- bruck, 27 Aug., 1512; d. at Ingolstadt, 5 March, 1564. His father, Ludeke Stapellage, was an oflicial of the Bishop of Osnabriick. Left an orphan at an early age he came under the care of an uncle at Danzig, then went to Lithuania and studied at Cracow, after w^hich he studied theology and philosophy at Padua. About 1536 he went to Wittenberg, obtained the Degree of magister arlium in 1541 and at Melanchthon's recommendation became a tutor in the family of the Count of Eberstein. In 1546 Duke Albert of Prussia appointed Staphylus professor of theology at the new University of Konigsberg, which the duke had founded in 1544. At this time Staphylus was still under the influence of Luther's opinions, as is shown by his academic disputation upon the doctrine of justification, "De justificationis articulo". How- ever, at his installation as professor he obtained the assurance that he need not remain if the duke toler- ated errors which "might be contrary to the Holy Scriptures and the primitivce apostolias et cathoUcce ecclesiw consensum". This shows that even then he regarded with suspicion the development of Prot- estantism. He had at Konigsberg a violent theologi- cal dispute with William Gnapheus. In 1547-48 he was the first rector elected by the university, but in 154S he resigned his professorship, because he met with enmity, and was dissatisfied with religious conditions in Prussia. Still he continued to be one of the councillors of the duke. In 1519 he mar- ried at Breslau the daughter of John Hess, a reformer of that place.
Returning to Konigsberg, a new dispute broke out between him and Osiander. The dogmatic dissen- sion, which seemed to him to make everjthing un- certain, drove him continually more and more to the Catholic idea of Tradition and to the demand for the authoritative e.xposition of the Scriptures by the Church. He expressed these views in the treatise "Synodus sanctorum patrum antiquoruin contra nova dogmata Andrea; Osiandri", which he wrote at Danzig in 1552. A severe illness hastened his conversion, which took place at Breslau at the end of 1552. .\fter this he first entered the service of the Bishop of Breslau, for whom he establisln-d a school at Neisse. In 1555 the Emperor Ferdinand I ap-
