THYNIAS
714
TIARA
colony was established there (Strabo, XIII, 4); sev-
eral divinities were worshipped there, such as ^scu-
lapius, Bacchus, Artemis, above all Apollo, in whose
honour games were instituted. Vespasian began
great undertakings at Thyatira; it was visited by
Hadrian in the year 123, and by Caracalla in 215.
Lydia, the woman converted by St. Paul at Philippi,
was from Thyatira (Acts, xvi, 13-15); St. John ad-
dressed an epistle to the "angelof the church", to whom
he gives great commendation, but after having criti-
cised a false prophetess (Apoc, ii, 18-29). Paprylus,
martyred about the year 250 at Pergamus, venerated
13 October, was also from this city; we know from
testimony given by St. Epiphanius (Contra ha;r., LI,
33), that at the beginning of the third century alinost
all Thyatira was Christian. Among the bishops
mentioned by Le Quien (Oriens christianus, I, 875-
78), we may note Seras, in 325; Fuscus, at the Council
of Ephesus in 431 ; Diamonius, in 458; Basilius, in 878.
The bishopric was suffragan to Sardes as late as the
tenth century (Gelzer, " Ungedruckte . . . Texte der
notitice episcopatuum", 537, 553); it is not known
when it disappeared. In the Middle Ages the Turks
changed the name of Thyatira to that of Ak-Hissar
(the white fortress), which it still bears. It numbers
22,000 inhabitants, 7000 of whom are Greek schisma-
tics, 1000 Armenians and Jews, and 14,000 Mussul-
mans; it is a caza of the sandjak of Saroukhan and of
the vilayet of Smyrna.
Smith, Did. Greek and Roman Gmg., a. v.; Texier, Asie Mineure (Paris. 1862), 266-68; Bultelin de Correspondance hel- Imique. X, 398-423; XI. 455-467; CriNET, La Turquie d'Asie. Ill, 548-52; Lampakes, The Seven Stars of the Apocalypse (Athens. 1909), 301-36, in Greek; Ramsay, The Seven Churches of Asia (London, 1909). S. VAILHfi.
Thynias, a titular see, sufTragan of Nicomedia, in Bithyuia Prima. It is an island situated in the Black Sea, "mentioned by all ancient geographers, and which was only 1421 yards wide. Its original name was Apollonia, because it had a temple to the god Apollo. It also bore the name of Daphne, whence came the name Daphnusia, almost as ancient as that of Apol- lonia, and which is the only one met wit h in the " Not itiae episcopatuum". Its name of Thynias is derived from the Thynii, a people of Thracian origin, who occupied all the coast of Bithynia. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., I, 629) mentions three bishops of Daphnusia: St. Sabas, venerated on 1 May; Leo, present at the Eighth (Ecu- menical Council in 869; Anthony, at the Photian Council of 878. One John was exiled to Daphnusia and martyred under Copronymus ; his feast is observed on 28 November. In the legendary "Vita" of St. Andrew the Apostle (P. G., CXX, 221) it is said that the relics of Sts. Zoticus, Anicetus, and Photius were preserved in the island. The Diocese of Daphnusia is first mentioned in the"Notitia episcopatuum" of Leo the Wise about 900 (Gelzer, " LTngedruckte . . . Texte der Notitise episcopatuum", 553), then in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus about 940 ("Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani", ed. Gelzer, 65), and finally in "Notitia 13" of Parthey in the thirteenth century (Hierocles Synecdemus, 247). In 1261 the Latin fleet was engaged in tlie siege of the island when the Greek Emperor of Nica;a, ISIichacl Vlll Paheo- logus, captured Constantinople and thus put an end to the Latin Empire. The island of Daphnusia is now called Kefken or Kerpe-Adasi, and lies west of the mouth of the Sangarius in the caza of Chile and the vilayet of Constantinople.
MOller, Geog. Grcec. minores, ed. Didot, I, 382, notes; Idem, Ptolemaii Geographia, ed. Didot, I, 806, notes; S.MITH, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., a. v.: Tomaschek, Zur historischen Topographic von Kleinasien im Mittetalter (Vienna, 1891), 75; Pauly-Wis- BOWA, Real'Encyclopddie der klassischen Altertumsteissenschaft (3rd ed.), s. v., Apollonia. no. 14. g. Va1Lh£.
Thyraus, Hermann, German Jesuit, b. at Neuss on the Rhine, 1532; d. at Mainz, 26 October, 1591. He studied first at Cologne, and then, after 1522, at
the Collegium Germanicum at Rome. On 26 May,
1556, he was received into the Society of Jesus by St.
Ignatius Loyola, two months before the latter's death.
In the same year, Thyraus was made a professor of
theology at Ingolstadt, where he taught for three
years the " Magister sententiarum ", and in the fourth
year controversial theology. In 1560 he became a
professor at Trier, and lectured on the Epistles of St.
Paul. He was rector of the college at Trier (1565-
70), provincial of the Jesuit province of the Rhine
(1.571-8), arid from 1578 until his death rector of the
college at Mainz. He did excellent service to the
Catholic cause and the Counter-Reformation in Ger-
many. The Liber de religionis hbertate", ascribed
to him, was written most ]jrobably by his younger
brother Peter, also a Jesuit. His "Confessio Au-
gustana", with controversial notes, appeared at
Dillingen in 1567. He also left several volumes of
sermons. According to the testimony of van Reiffen-
berg ("Historia Soc. Jesu ad Rhenum infer."), he
was skilful, industrious, frank, unaffected, and not
lacking in shrewdness; and was in consequence highly
esteemed by the archbishops of the Rhine, who often
employed him in important matters. He was also a
noted preacher, and left several volumes of sermons.
When he occupied the pulpit at Trier as many as
4000 people often came together to hear him.
Sommervogel, Bibl. de la compagnie de Jesus: Bibliographic, VIII (Paris, 189S), lO-ll; Steinhuber, Gesch. des Collegium Ger- manicum Hungaricum. I (Freiburg, 1S95), 38: DuHR, Gesch. der Jesuiten in den Ldndern deutscher Zunge im X VI. Jahrhundert, I (Freiburg, 1907), passim. KleMENS LofFLER.
Tiara, the papal crown, a costly covering for the head, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, which is shaped like a bee-hive, has a small cross at its highest point, and is also equipped with three royal diadems. On account of the three diadems it is sometimes called tri- regnum. The tiara is a non-Uturgical or- nament, which, there- fore, is only worn for non-liturgical cere- monies, ceremonial procession to church and back, ceremonial papal processions, such as took place upon stated occa- sions until Rome was occupied by the Piedmontese, and at solemn acts of jurisdiction, as, for example, solemn dogmatic decisions. The pope, like the bishops, wears a mitre at pontifical liturgical functions. The tiara is first mentioned in the "Vita" of Pope Constantine (708- 715) contained in the "Liber Pontificahs". It is here called cmtielaucum: it is then mentioned in what is called the "Constitutum Con.stantini", the supposed donation of the Emperor Constantine, probably forged in the eighth centurj'. Among the prerogatives assigned to the pope in this document there is espe- cially a white ornament for the head called phrygium, which distinguished him; this naturally presupposes that, at the era the document was written, it was cvis- tomary for the pope to wear such a head-covering. Three periods may be distinguished in the develop- ment of the tiara. The first period extends to the time when it was adorned with a royal circlet or diadem; in this period the pap;d ornament for the head was, as is clear from the "Constitutum Constantini" and from the ninth Ordo of Mabillon (ninth century), merely a helmet-like cap of white material. There may nave been a trimming around tlie lower rim of the cap, but this had still in no w;iy the character of a
library of the U
