TOCQUEVILLE
753
TOCQUEVILLE
and not, as Tobias saj-s (i, 2), Salmanasar. Yet this
reading of the Vulgate, Old Latin, and Aramaic is to
lip corrected by tlie name Enemesar of AB and X.
This latter reading would be equivalent to the
Hebrew ID 032, a transliteration of the Assyrian
krinim Sar. As the appellative sar, "king", may
])r(^cede or follow a personal name, kenum Sar is sar
L-iiiujii, that is Sargon (,^arru-ke7iu II, B. c. 722). It
can readily be that, twelve years after Theglath-
Iihalasar III began the deportation of Israel out of
Samaria, Sargou's scouts completed the work and
routed some of the tribe of Nephthali from their
fastnesses, (ii) A like solution is to be given to the
difficulty that Sennacherib is said to have been the
son of Salmanasar (i, 18), whereas he was the .son of
the usurper Sargon. The Vulgate reading here, as
in i, 2, should be that of AB and X, to wit, Enemesar;
and this stands for Sargon. (iii) In B, xiv, 1.5, Ninive
is said to have been captured by Ahasuerus (Aa-vripos)
and Nabuchodonosor. This is a mistake of the
scribe. X reads that Achiacharos took Ninive and
adds that "he praised God for all He had done against
the children of Ninive and Assyria". The word for
Assyria is A0ovpeias, Hebrew 'dsshUr, Aramaic
'.lAiir; this (!reek word misled the scribe to WTite
' Aavvpos for the name of the- king, Ax«»x«P>", i- e. the
Median King Cyaxares. According to Berossus,
("yaxares was, in his campaign against Nini\'e, allied
to the Babj'lonian King Nabopalassar, the father of
Nabuchodonosor; the scribe of B has WTitten the
name of the son for that of the father, as Nabopalas-
sar was unknown to him. (iv) Rages is a Seleucid
town and hence an anachronism. Not at all; it is
an ancient IMedian town, which the Seleucids restored.
G. Origin.. — It is likely that the elder Tobias wrote
at least that part of the original work in which he
uses the first person singular, cf. i, 1-iii, 6, in all
texts except the Vulgate and Aramaic. As the entire
narrative is historical, this part is probably autobio-
graphical. After revealing his angelic nature, Raphael
bade both father and son to tell all the wonders that
God had done them (Vulg., xii, 20) and to WTite in a
book all the incidents of his stay with them (cf. same
verse in AB, X Old Latin, HF, and HM). If we
accept the story as fact-narrative, we naturally con-
clude that it was written originally during the Baby-
lonian Exile, in the early portion of the seventh
century B. c; and that all save the last chapter w-as
the work of the elder and younger Tobias. Almost
all Protestant scholars consider the book post-ExiUc.
Ewald a.ssigns it to 3.50 b. c; Ilgen, the bulk to 280
B. c; Griitz, to a. d. 130; Kohut, to a. d. 226.
The introductions of Cobnelt. Katjlen, Danko, Gigot. Sei- BEN'BERGEB. Although the Fathers use Tobias, onlv Bede (P. L.. XCI, 923-38) and Walafhid Strabo (P. L.. CXIII. 725) have left us commentaries thereon. During the Middle Ages, HroH OF St. Victor. AUegoriarum in l*f/».s TfMamefitum, IX {P. L., CLXXV. 725), and Nicholas of Lyra, Denis the Car- THrsiAN, HroH DE S. Caro, in their commentaries on all .Scrip- ture, interpreted the Book of Tobia."?. Later commentators are Serari (Monza, 1599): Sanctius (Lyons, 1628); Mauschbebger (Olmutz. 1758) : Justixiani (Rome, 1620) : De Celada (Lyons, 1644); Drexel (.\ntwerp. 1652); Neuville (Paris, 1723); GuT- berlet (Mvinster. 1854): Reusch (Freiburg, 1857); Gillet (Paris, 1879): Scholz (Wurzburg. 1889): Curci (Naples, 1890); DE Moor, Tobie et Akhiahar (Ixiuvain. 1902) : Vetteb, Das Buck Tobias und die Achikar-Sage in Theol. Quarialschrift (Tiibingen. 1904). The principal Protestant authorities have been cited in the body of the article.
Walter Drum.
Tocqueville, Charles- .Vlexis-Henri-Maurice Clerel de, writer and statesman, b. at Vemeuil, Department of Seine-et-Oise, 20 .July, 1S0.5; d. at Cannes, 10 April, 18.59. He was the great-grandson of Malesherbes, the defender of Louis XVL As a, judge at Versailles in 1S3() he formed a friendship with Gustave de Beaumont, with whom he travelled to America in 1831. Tocqtieville's letters show that he foresaw what strides the Church was destined to make in America and likewise the dogmatic nothing- XIV.-48
ness which would result from Unitarianism and the
absurdities of Illuminism. Two publications re-
sulted from this journey: the collective work of the
two friends published in 1832 under the title " Du
systeme pf^nitentiaire aux Etats-Unis et de son appli-
cation en France"; the second, Tocqueville's personal
work, is the celebrated book "La democratic en
Amerique", of which the first volume appeared in
1835 and the second in 1840. The work won for
Tocqueville admission to the Academie des sciences
morales et poli-
tiques (1838) and
the French Acad-
emy (1841).
The library of the Seminary of St-Sulpice pre- serves a copy of "La D^mocratie" annotated by Mgr Brut6, first Bishoji of Vincennes, who registered in the margin a number of exceptions to Tocqueville's asser- tions. Those notes have been tran- scribed by Mgr Baunard. Tocque- ville held that de- ^ "j^ lu't'^'^ mocracy could exist
only by seeking a moral support iii rcliglun, and that religion could prosper only by accommodating itself to democracy, but he is inclined to regard as too severe the doctrin.al, disciplinary, and liturgical exactions of Catholicism, and in Mgr Baunard's opinion his work leaves the impression that he was only half Catholic.
The work has been charged with several serious defects as regards political observation; he dealt at too great length with the constitution and organism of the central government, paying too little attention to the provincial legislation of the various states of the Union. He relegates to the end of the first part the study of what he calls "the accidental or providential causes" of the maintenance of the democracy, and his work would be clearer if he had treated in the begin- ning the geographical and economic conditions of America. As his work progresses he loses sight of American democracy and deals in a general way with democratic societies.
As a deputy for Valognes from 1839 Tocqueville sat with the opposition and voted for liberty of in- struction. Under the Second Republic he was a member of the Constituent and Legislative Assem- blies and vice-president of the latter.
The Roman expedition had been for some weeks under way when Tocqueville assumed the portfolio for foreign affairs in the Odilon Barrot cabinet (2 ,June-31 October, 1849). He caused it to be pro- ceeded with, at the same time writing to the French ambassador Corcelle: "The Roman question is the mountain which threatens to bur\- us all." He recommended that Oudinot's army refrain from bom- barding the monuments of Rome, which were, he wrote to Corcelle, "the property of the Christian world", and according to his instructions Pius IX's return should have been accompanied by an amnesty and the gr.anting of a Constitution.
Under the Empire he returned to private life and undertook his work "L'ancien regime et la revolu- tion", of which only thi' first p:irt ai)pe;ir<'d (18.56). In pages of beautiful religious ijsychology Mgr Bau- nard h;Ls .shown how Tocqueville's mind and con- science, chiefly under M.adame Swetchine's influence, climi>ed upwards toward a profoundly Christian death. These pages are an interesting document on
