TUNJA
90
TUNKERS
French soldiers advanced from Algiers into Tunis, and
readily overcame the resistance of the tribes. A
French fleet appeared before the capital, and a
squadron landed at Biserta a brigade which advanced
against the City of Tunis from the land side. Unable
to oppose this force, the bey was obliged to sign on
12 May the Treaty of Kasr el-Said, also called the
Bardo TTreaty, which transformed Tunis into a French
protectorate. The revolt of the native tribes against
the French was crushed in the years 1881-82. Al-
though at the beginning of the expedition France had
declared that the occupation would only be a tem-
porary one, yet ever since then the French have
remained in the country. Economically the control
by an European power has proved advantageous to
the country. Mohammed es-Sadok was succeeded
by his brother Sidi Ah Pasha (1882-1902), who was
followed by his son Sidi Mohammed.
The regency of Tunis has an area of 45,779 sq. miles and contained, in 1911, 1,923,217 inhabitants, of whom 1,706,830 were natives, 49,245 Jews, 42,410 French, 107,905 Itahans, 12,258 Engh.sh and Maltese, 1307 Spanish. PoUtically, Tunis forms a French pro- tectorate; France represents the country in foreign relations, makes all the treaties with foreign powers, decides as to peace and war. In return it protects the bey against any threatened attack upon his land and guarantees the state debt. In internal affairs the bey has nominally the legislative power, but decrees and laws are not Valid until they have received the signa- ture of the resident -general representing the French Government. The budget is not submitted to the bey for his approval until it has been discussed by the ministerial council and examined by the French Gov- ernment. The resident-general is the representative of the French Government at Tunis, and is subordi- nate to the French minister of foreign affairs. He unites in his person all the authority of the French Government, is the official intermediary between the Tunisian Government and the representatives of foreign powers, is the presiding officer of the min- isterial council, and of all the higher administration of Tunis. He can veto the actions of the bey, and in case the bey fails to act he can order the necessary regulations or open the way for them. The minis- terial council consists of the resident-general, two native ministers, and seven French ministers; the council settles the most important matters and especially determines the budget. The two native min- isters direct internal affairs, the administration of justice for the natives, and the supervision of the landed property of the natives. The other branches of the administration are directed by the French ministers. The administration of justice is a double one: all legal di.sputes in which Europeans are con- cerned are settled by French law; the natives are under Mohammedan law. As regards the Catholic Church Tunis forms the Archdiocese of Carthage; cf. also the article Lavigerie.
AsHBEE, Bibl. of Tunisia (London. 1889); BROAnLEV, Tunis Prist and Present (London, 1S82); TissOT, Exploration scienti- fique lie la Tunisie (Paria, 1884-87); FaDCON. La Tunisie avant et depuis Voceupalion franqaise (Paris, 1893); Fitzner, Die Regentschaft Tunis (Berlin, 1895); Clain de la Rive. Hist, ginerale de la Tunisie (Paris, 1895); Loth, Hist, de la Tunisie (Paris 1898) ; Vivian, Tunisia and the Modern Barbary Pirates (London. 1899) ; Oliver and Dubois, La Tunisie (Paria, 1898) ; Hesse-Warteqg. Tunis, the Land and the People (2nd ed., London, 1899); Bahar, Le protectorat tunisien (Paris. 1904); La Tunisie au dibui. du XX' slide (Paris, 1904); Schonfeld, Aus den Staaten der Barbaresken (Beriin, 1902) ; Schanz. Algenen. Tunisien u. Tripolitanien (Halle, 1905) ; Loth, Le peuple italien en Tunisie et en Algerie (Paris, 1905); Idem, La Tunisie et Vaturrc du protectorat /ramais (Paris, 1907) ; Babelon, Cagnat. and Rein-
ACH. Atlas archiologique de la Tunisie (Paris, 1905 ) ; Violard,
La Tunisie du Nord (Paris. 190B) ; Sladen, Carthage and Tunis (London, 1907); Petrie, Tunis, Kairouan and Carthage (New York, 1909); Reclus, Alg6rie et Tunisie (Paria, 1909).; Gaud- lANl AND Thiaucourt, La Tunisie (Paris, 1910); Gept. Im Tunisie economique (Paris, 1910); Statistique gin(rale (Tunis, annually); Lecore-Ciiari'Entier, L'indicateur tunisien (Tunis, 1899 ). ^ ^
Joseph Lins.
Tunja, Diocese of (Tunquenensis), established
in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogota, in the Republic of
Colombia, South America. Its jurisdiction comprises
the territory of the Department of Boyaca, with a
Catholic population in 1911 of 400,000 souls; 145
priests; 153 parishes, and 159 churches and chapels.
The capital of the department and see of the bishop is
the City of Tunja, which before the arrival of the
Spaniards was, under the name of Hunza, the resi-
dence of the zaque, the sovereign of the Muisca In-
dians. It was founded on 6 Aug., 1538, by Captain
Gonzalo Suarez Rond6n, by order of the conqueror
Quesada. Emperor Charles V granted it the title of
city in 1681. The wealth and luxury of its ancient
founders can stiU be recognized in the coats-of-arms
carved over the stone entrances of its beautiful man-
sions. Prominent among its public buildings are: the
palace of the bishop, the cathedral, and the various
churches; the monastery of the Dominicans, and the
convent of the Santa Clara nuns. Public instruction
in the Department of Boyaci is under the supervision of
the governor of the department, assisted by a director
of public instruction. There are in the department
over 200 primary schools, with about 15,000 pupils
of both .sexes. Secondary instruction in Tunja is
given at various colleges supported by the depart-
ment, like the College of Boyacd and the normal
school for women; and at several Catholic institutions
such as the Christian Brothers' CoUege, the Academy
of Tertiary Sisters, and the College of the Presenta-
tion; for the education of the clergy there is the
diocesan seminary. There are also several Catholic
schools in other cities of the department, among
them the College of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, under
the Christian Brothers; the College of the Presenta-
tion, in charge of the Sisters of Charity; the College of
Santa Rosa de Lima; and the College of St. Louis
Gonzaga, in Chiquinquir^. (See Colombia.)
Julian Moreno-Lacalle.
Tunkers (Ger. lutiken, to dip), a Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite. They are also called "Dunkards", "Dunkers", "Brethren", and " German Baptists". This last appellation desig- nates both their national origin and doctrinal rela- tionship. In addition to their admission of the teaching of the Baptists, they hold the following distinctive beliefs and practices. In the administration of bap- tism the candidate is required to kneel in the water and is dipped foi-ward three times, in recognition of the tliree Persons of the Trinity. Communion after the manner of the primitive church is administered in the evening; it is preceded by the love-feast or agape, and followed by the kiss of charity. On cer- tain occasions they also perform the rite of foot-wa,sh- ing. Their dress" is characterized by unusual sim- plicity. They refuse to take oaths, to bear arms, and in so far as possible, to engage in law.suits. Then foundation was due to a desire of restoring primitive Christianity, and dates back to 1708. In that yeai their founder Alexander Mack (1679-1735) received believers' baptism with seven companions at Schwarz- enau, in Westphalia. The little company rapidlj made converts, and congregations were established in Germany, Holland, and Switzerland. As thej were subjected to persecution, they all emigrated tc America between the years 1719 and 1729.
The first families settled at Germantown, Pennsyl- vania, where a church was organized in 1723. Shorth after some members, led by Conrad Beissel wh( contended that the seventh day ought to be ol> served as the Sabbath, seceded and formed th( "Seventh Day Baptists" (German; member.ship ir 1911, 2.50). "The Tunkers, nevertheless, prosperct and, in .spite of set-backs caused by the Hevolul ionarj and Civd Wars, spread from Ponnsyh-ania to iiuuij other states of the Union, and to Canada. Foreigi
