UNIONS
154
UNITARIANS
Knox, John; Anglicanism; Presbyterianism; Non-
conformists; Lyons, Councils of; Florence,
Council of Florence, and the bibliographies attached.
Papal Letters. — Pius IX, In su-prema (Jan., 1848), Arcuno Divinm Providenlia: and Jam vos omnes novislis (Sept., 1868) ; Leo XIII, Orientalium dignitas Ecclesiarum (Nov., 1893) ; PrrEcJara gratulationis {June, 1894). Amantissima voluntatis (April, 1895), Satis cognitum (June, 1896); Pins X. Ex quo nono (Dec, 1910).
Franzeun, De tTaditione (Rome, 1875), De ecclesia Christi (1877); Batiffol, Primitive Catholicism, tr. (London, 1911); Pesch, PrtElecctiones dogmatica:, I (Freiburg, 1909) ; Bot.\lla, The Supreme Autharit;/ of the Pope (London, 1868); Rivington, The Primitive Church and the See of Peter (London, 1894); Hergenhother, Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1876-80); Morere, Histoire et filiation des heresies (Paris, 1881); Photii Opera in P. G., CI-III; Will, Acta et Scripta gute de controversiis Ecclesia Gr(ec(B et Latinx s(Bculo XI composita extant (Leipzig, I86I); Hergenrother, Photius (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1867);Br£3ier. Le schisme oriental du XI^ sikcle (Paris, 1899); Duchesne, Eglises separees (Paris, 1896); Fortescue. The Orthodox Eastern Church (London. 1906); DemETRAKOPOULOS, 'IjTTopta roil ffxtff^oTOs T^5 AoTiviKils CKKATjcria? OTTO TTis bpdo^o^ovL fXXTjvLKfj^ (Leipzig, 1867) ; Ktriakos, Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen (German tr. from the Greek, Beriin, 1902); Ffoulkes, Christendom's Divisions (2 vols., London, 1867); HORE, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Eastern Church (London, 1899); Mouravief (tr. Blackmore), History of the Church of Russia (London, 1842) ; Silbernagl, Verfassung und gegenwdrtiger Bestand stimtlicher Kirchen des Orients {2nd ed., Ratisbon, 1904); Dollinger, Die Reformation in seine Entwick- elung und Wirkungen (3 vols.. Ratisbon, 1843) ; Jansen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, II-V (Freiburg, 1882-86); Pastor, Geschichte der Pdpste. III-V (1889-1909); Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Reformation (5 vols., London, 1882-86); Hering, History of the Efforts at Reconciliation made since the Reformation (Leipzig, 1836); Gairdner, History of Lollardy and the Reformation (3 vols., London, 1908) ; Lingard, History of England. V, VI (London, 1883) ; Dixon, History of the Church of England (4 vols., London. 1878-91).
Theiner, Vetera monumenta Poloniw et Lituanice historiam illustrantia (2 vols.. Rome, 1861-3); Likowski, Union zu Brest, German tr. from the Polish by Jedzink (Freiburg, 1904); Lescceur, La persecution de I'Eglise en - Lithuanie. ISGS. 1872. French tr. from the Polish (Paris, 1873) ; Michel, VOrienl et Rome. Etude sur I'union (Paris, 1895); Palmieri, Chiesa Russa (Florence, 1908); WiLBOis, L'avenir de I'Eglise russe (Paris, 1907); Franco, Difesa di Cristianesimo per I'unione delle chiese (Rome, 1910): Chapman, The First Eight General Councils (London, 1906); Urban, De iis qua; theologi Catholici prcestare possint et debeant erga Ecclesiam russicam. oratio habita in Con- ventu Velehradensi (Prague, 1907) ; Harper, Peace through the Truth, First SeriesdjOndion.Xh^S); Manning, Englandand Chris- tendom (London, 1867); Newman, Letter of March 3. 1866. to Ambrose Phillips de Lisle in Ward, Life of Newman, 11 (Lon- don, 1912), 115; Palmer. Notes of a Visit to the Russian Church ■with Preface by Newman (London, 1882); Birkbeck, Russia and England during the last fifty years, a correspondence between Mr. William Palmer and M. Khomiakoff, in the years 1844-54 (London. 1895) ; Soloviev, La Russie et I'Eglise universelle (Paris, 1889) ; D'Herbignt, Wladimir Soloviev. un Newman Russe (Paris, 1911); PusEY. Eirenicon; Letter to Dr. Newman; Second Letter to Dr. Newman: Is Healthful Reunion Impossible? (London, 1865, 1867, 1870); Ward, Life of Cardinal Newman (London, 1912); Dolunger, Reunion of the Churches (tr. London, 1872) ; Angli- can Bishops, Lambeth Encyclicals, with the Resolutions and Reports (London, 1888. 1897, 1908); The Anglican Communion in relation to other Christian Bodies in Pananglican Papers (London, 1908) ; Gore, Orders and Unity (London, 1909) ; Spencer-Jones, England and the Holy See. with Introduction by Halif.4.x (London, 1902); Rome and Reunion (London, 1904); McBee, An Eirenic Itinerary (London, 1911); Halifax, Leo XIII and Anglican Orders (London, 1912) ; Maturin. The Price of Unity (London, 1912); McBee, An Eirenic Itinerar:/ (hondoa and New York, 1911): Lang, Reunion in The Tahlel (London, May, 1912), 763-64.
Reviews devoted to work for Reunion. — Bessarione (Rome, 1896); Revue de I'Orient Chretien (Paris, 1896); Echos d'Orienl (Paris, 1897 — )j Slavorum Lillera: Iheologicce (Prague, 1905 — ); 'EieKAijffioffTucTj AA^#€ia, the organ of the Phanar (Constanti- nople, 1880—); Eirene. the organ of the A. E. O. C. U. (London, 1908—); Reunion Magazine (London, Oct., 1909-March, 1911).
Sydney F. Smith.
Unions of Prayer.^A tendency to form unions of prayer among the faithful has recently manifested itself in the establishment of organizations like the following:
(1) The Association of Prayer and Penitence in honour of the Heart of Jesus, founded at Dijon in 1879, transferred to Montmartre, and made an archconfraternity by Leo XIII, 10 April, 1894. Its purposes are: to offer reparation, by prayer and penitence, for sin, and for outrages against the Church and the pope; to obtain the welfare of the Church, the freedom of the pope, and the salvation of the world. (2) The Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Compassion for the Return of England
to the Catholic Faith, founded at Saint-Sulpice, Paris,
by Brief of Leo XIII "Compertum est" (22 Aug.,
1897). Jean-Jacques Olier had always been zealous
for the conversion of England ; and the ministiy of his
congregation was favourable to the spreading of this
confraternity. The Brief exhorts the faithful every-
where to join this confraternity, and authorizes its
directors to unite with all other similar confraternities,
and communicate to them its indulgences. The
"Statutes" were pubUshed, 30 Aug., 1897, by Decree
of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. The
solemn inauguration took place, 17 Oct., 1897, by
the Cardinal Archbishop of Paris, in the presence of
the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. About
1000 confraternities, in France, England, Italy,
Belgium, Australia, and elsewhere, have become
united with the archconfraternity. By Apostohc Let-
ter of 2 Feb., 1911, Pius X extended the scope of the
prayers of the archconfraternity from Great Britain
to the whole of the English-speaking world. (3)
Pious LTnion of Prayer to Our Lady of Compassion for
the Conversion of Heretics, founded at Rome, 7 Nov.,
1896, in St. Marcellus. Similar unions may be
formed in any church where there is an altar and a
statue of Our Lady of Compassion. The director-
general is the Father-General of the Servites, who
names a general secretary from his order. (4) Arch-
confraternity of Prayers and Good Works for the
Reunion of the Eastern Schismatics with the Church,
under the patronage of Our Lady of the Assumption,
founded at the Church of the Anastasis at Constanti-
nople. Organized by Emmanuel d' Alzon, the founder of
the Assumptionists, it was developed under his successor
Frangois Picard to such a degree that even some
Eastern schismatics were induced to pray for the same
intentions. Leo XIII in the Brief "Cum divini
Pastoris" (25 May, 1898) made it an archconfrater-
nity prima-primaria. It is estabhshed at the church
of the Assumptionists, under the title of Anastasis of
Constantinople. Affiliated confraternities may be
formed wherever there is an Assumptionist church
and house, with the same privileges as the .archconfra-
ternity. The "Statutes" were approved 24 May,
1898, by Decree of the Congregation of Bishops and
Regulars. (See also Apostleship of Prayer; Paris,
Famous Pilgrimages ; (2) Notre-Dame-des-\'ictoires.)
Beringer. Die Abldsse (13th ed., Paderborn, 1910). Fr. tr.
(Paris, 1905).
C. F. Wemyss Brown.
Unitarians, a Liberal Protestant sect which holds as its distinctive tenet the belief in a uni-personal instead of a tri-personal God.
I. Name and Doctrine. — In its general sense the name designates all disbehevers in the Trinity, whether Christian or non-Christian; in its present specific use it is applied to that organized form of Christ ianitj' which lays emphasis on the unity of personahty in God. The term seems to have originated about 1.570, was used in a decree of the Diet held in 1600 at Lecsfalva in Tran- sylvania, and received official ecclesiastical sanction in 1638. It supplanted the various designations of anti-Trinitarians, .A.rians, Racovians, and Socinians. In England the name first appears in 1682. It became frequent in the United States from 1815, although originally it was received unfavourably by some anti- Trinitarians, and omitted in their official titles by some congregations whose religious position it defined. The ex])lanation of this opposition is to be found in the reluctance of the parties concerned to lay stress on any doctrinal affirmation. Historical associations account for the name Presbyterians, frequently applied to Unitarians in the British Isles, and Lfni- tarian Congrogationalists, used in the United States. No definite standard of beUef is recognized in the denomination and no doctrinal tests are laid down as a condition of fellowship. The co-operation of all persons desirous of advancing the interests of "pure"
