usure (Rome, 1831); {{sc|Funk}, Recht und Moral in Bezug auf das
Wirtschaftsleben; Zins and Wucher in Christlichen Alterthum;
Scipio Maffei u. das kirchliche Zinsverbot; (see Theologische Quartalschrift.
Tübingen, 1869, 1875, 1879); Gesch. des-kirchlichen Zinsverbotes;
Zur Gesch. des Wucherstreites. (Tübingen, 1876, 1901); Ballerini-Palmieri
Opus morale, t. 3, p. 3, c. 2. dub. 7 n. 680–746, ed.3;
Endemann (non-Catholic), Studien in der romanisch-canonistischen
winhschafts-u.Rechtslehre (Berlin, 1883). t. 2, VIII; Das Interesse,
Das Darlehen; Weiss, Sociale Frage u. sociale ordnung (Freiburg,
1896): Pesch. Zinsgrund u. Zinsgrenze Zeitschrift für katholische
Theologie (1888); Claudio-Jannet, Le capital, la spéculation et
la finance au XIXᵉ siècle (Paris, 1892); Gaggia, Le usure nelle
fonti del diritto canonico in Rivista internazionale di scienze sociali
(1897, 1898); Van Roey, De justo auctario et contractu crediti
dissertatio historico-moralis (Louvain, 1903); Brants, L'usure dans
la législation contemporaine; Les formes actuelles de la lutte contre
Insure in Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1895 and
1903): Schaub. Der Kampf gegen den Zinswucher, ungerechten
Preis u. unlautern fluudcl im Mittelalter, von Karl dem Grossen
bis Papst Alexander III (Freiburg, 1905); Belliot, Manuel de
sociologie catholique (Paris, 1911); Vermeersch, Quæstiones de
justia ad usum hodiernum scholasticæ disputatæ 2nd ed., Bruges,
1904). For the calculation of interest, cf. Fischer, The Impatience
Theory of Interest (a study of the causes determining the rate on
interest) in Science (1900), 380–401; Maingie, La théorie de
l'intérêt et ses applications ( Brussels, 1911); Slater, A Manual of
Moral Theology (London, 1908).
A. Vermeersch.
Utah, the thirty-second state admitted to the Union, takes its name from an Indian tribe known as the Utes or Yutas—a Shoshonian offshoot—whose hunting grounds embraced three-fourths of the territory enclosed by the boundaries of the State of Utah. It is 350 miles long and 27.5 miles wide. Its area is 84,990 square miles (54,390,000 acres) and of these square miles 2780 are of water surface. The population ac- cording to the The state extends
Seal of Utah
thirteenth census is 373,351
westerly to the Nevada line, and on the east to Colo- rado and Wyoming, on the .south it is bounded by Arizona, and on the north by Idaho and Wyoming.
Physiography. — The Wasatch and Uintah Ranges of the Rocky Mountain system traverse the state from north to south with collateral elevations stretching across the face of the land forming a picturesque variety to the great basins and valleys. These mountains are furrowed with gorges and canyons through which the waters, formed by melting snow and rain, rush to the lowlands where they are diverted into irrigating canals. These canyons range in depth from 400 to 5000 feet. There are crests of the Wasatch Range from 12,000 to 14,000 feet above sea level. The Great Salt Lake — the kirgest body of in- land water in the UniliMl .St;itcs west of the Missouri — rests in the noitli ccriind p:irt of Ut;ili. The lake has a surface measurcmciil of 2.12.") s(|uare miles, is 75 miles long by ,50 wide, and is 4210 feet above sea level. With Sevier and Ut.-ih bakes. Great Salt Lake is all that remains of Bonneville Sea, a great inland body of water that at some [leriod in the past covered nearly all rt:ih. .'>evier L;ike is a saline body of water of varying dimi'iisioiis which in dry seasons practically evaj)orates. Icvtving :t crys1:dliiie residuum of impure .sodium chloride ;ind sul|)h:i,tes, live inches in dei)th. Jordan River, dniniiig I he fresh w:iter l:d<e, Utah, the Weber and He:i,r Rivers and m.-iriy sni:ill stre:uns flow into S;dt L;ike and cdMiixMisatc for l|ic ev;iporation which h:is been in uninterrupted progress for ;iges and has made of the waters of Salt Lake a nearly saturated lirinc.
The mean annual temperature of Utah is 49 degrees. The highest temperature ever recorded was 115 degrees above, and the lowest 36 degrees below, zero. The air is arid, due to a comparatively small precipitat ion of moisture. Humid air currents travel- ling eastward from the Pacific Ocean suffer a conden- sation of their vapours, and when they pass over the state become drying winds.
M.\TERi.M. Resgxjrces. — About two-thirds of Utah's population engage in agriculture. There are 2,135,- 000 acres of land under irrigation, with 10,000,000 more ready for irrigation. There are Large farms which grow nothing but grain, but these are known as dry or arid farms. Those which are under irriga- tion are necessarily small, and the product is extraor- dinarily large. Three crops of alfalfa are harvested in the same year. The production and value of the leading crops in 1910 was as follows: corn, 394,000 bushels, valued at $331,000; wheat, 5,708,000 bushels, $4,795,000; oats, 2,494,000 bu-shels, .$1,197,000; bar- ley, 468,000 bushels, .$281,000; potatoes, 2,1.30,000 bashels, $1,2.57,000; hay, 1, 140,000 bales,$10,260,000. The first irrigating canals were opened in LItah fifty years ago. One that carries water forty miles from Utah Lake to Salt Lake City was built more than forty years ago and still furnishes water for irrigating large stretches of land. About one-third of the area of the state is capable of cultivation, or is serviceable as ranges for sheep and cattle. Probably two-fifths of the area is covered by mountain ranges filled with precious metals. The remainder is desert land. LItah, which was the pioneer of irrigation in the inter- mountain states, has been converted from deserts and sage-brush wastes into fertile fields. This followed from the conservation of water, impounding it in great reservoirs, and distributing the water scientifi- cally over the land.
In 1909 the state produced gold valued at $4,243,- 907; and the production of silver amounted to 11,242,301 ounces; the lead production in 1910, ac- cording to local estimates, was 112,209,256 pounds valued at $4,985,831 ; in the same year the copper pro- duction was 125,000,000 pounds v.alued at $15,937,- 500; the zinc product was 15,337,367 pounds valued at $851,243. The total value of metals for 1910 was $33,028,909. The coal production of the state has steadily increased, amounting in 1909 to 2,266,899 tons valued at $3,757,060. Oil is developed in San Juan County, and in south-eastern LTtah; about 265,000 barrels of salt are produced annually.
History. — Long before LUah had a name or the region was evengeographically placed, the Franciscan Fathers began their missionary labours in this region. In those days the missionary regions of the South- west lay outside the jurisdiction of any Mexican or Spanish bishop. The Franciscan fathers labouring in these unexplored lands enjoyed, by special pontifi- cal indult, except ion:d jirivileges. There can be no doubt that if this iimnen.se territory, including Utah, Id.aho, Color.ado, ;in(l Wyoming, had remained under the control of .Sp:iin. the roving and sedentary tribes would have been converted to the Faith, civilized, and made u.-icful citizens. From the time of the conse- cration of Fray Juan de Zumaraga as Bishop of Mexico, 2 Sept., 1530, until November, 1823, when Mexico won its independence and declared for a republic, the present State of I'tah was Spanish territory. On 29 Jidy, 1776, two Franciscan priests, Spaniards, Silvestre Velez de Escalante and .\tanazio Dominguez, left Santa Fe, N. Mex., explored portions of Colorado, entered Utah, and were the first white men to look out upon the pleasjint waters of Utah L:U<e. They remained withthe Laguna tribe for some (hiys, preaching lotIi('m;uid instructing them in Chris- tian doctrine. Le:iving here, 25 Se])t., 1776, they con- tinued on through .southern Utah; crossed from the east, for the first time by white men, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, and returned to
