VIGNOLA
428
VIGOR
while the pope was celebrating the feast of St. Cecilia
in the Church of St. Ceciha in Trastevere, and before
the service was fully ended, he was ordered by the
imperial official Anthimus to start at once on the
journey to Constantinople. The pope was taken
immediately to a ship that waited in the Tiber, in
order to be carried to the eastern capital, while a part
of the populace cursed the pope and threw stones at
the ship. Rome was now besieged by the Goths un-
der Totila and the inhabitants fell into the greatest
misery. Vigihus sent ships with grain to Rome but
these were captured by the enemy. If the story re-
lated by the "Liber pontificahs" is essentially correct,
the pope probably left Rome on 22 Nov., 545. He
remained for a long time in Sicily, and reached Con-
stantinople about the end of 546 or in January, 547.
Vigilius sought to persuade the emperor to send aid
to the inhabitants of Rome and Italy who were so hard
pressed by the Goths. Justinian's chief interest,
however, was in the matter of the Tliree Chapters,
and as Vigilius was not ready to make concessions on
this point and wavered frequently in his measures, he
had much to suffer. The change in his position is to
be explained by the fact that the condemnation of the
writings mentioned was justifiable essentially, yet ap-
peared inopportune and would lead to disastrous con-
troversies with Western Europe. Finally, Vigihus
acknowledged in a letter of 8 Dec, 553, to the Patri-
arch Eutychius the decisions of the Synod of Con-
stantinople and declared his judgment in detail in a
Constitution of 26 February, 554. Thus at the end of
a sorrowful residence of eight years at Constantinople
the pope was able, after coming to an understanding
with the emperor, to start on his return to Rome in the
spring of 555. While on the journey he died at Syra-
cuse. His body was brought to Rome and buried in
the Basihca of Sylvester over the Catacomb of Pris-
cilla on the Via Salaria.
JaffiS, Regesta rom. pont,, 2nd ed., I, 117 sqq.; Liber pontificatis, ed. Duchesne, I, 296 sqq.; with Duchesne's notes; Chronica minora, ed. MoMMSEN in Man. Germ. //«.; Auct. ant.. XI (Berlin,
1894); COUSTANT, De I7.;./i; ;-'-■;" -;.'■'■ .7 r-i/,.. 7 rf^;,•^ ,-/,■■ -rrMOo
in 'PlTRA, ATialecta nor) ■ ■ I ri-'- I^^r,' ';7n -...| IM -.i/rs. Papst Vigilius und dt r !>■ '. ■ Mm.i, i, i^il I )r-
CHESNE, Vigile et Pelan' VA t.' .' ;■;• ' / ' / . \ \ X \ 1 il^^4).
289 sqq.; Chamard. t6iJ., XX.Wil i l,s»,,), 04u».ni. ; LiLanK.-iNB, ibid., 579 sqq. ; LEvfeQUE. Etude sur le pape Vigile (Amiens. 1SS7) ; Hefele, Konziliengeschichte, II (2nd ed., Freiburg. 1875), ed. Leclercq., Ill, 1 sq.; Grisar, Gesch. Boms und der P&pste, I (Freiburg. 1901), 502 sqq., 574 sqq.; Savio, // popo Vigilio (Rome, 1904).
J. P. KiRSCH.
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, a theoretical and practical architect of the Transition Period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles; b. at Vignola in 1507; d. in 1573. He was the pupil and successor of Michelangelo. His two books, "Regole delle cinque ordini d'architettura" (1563) and the po.stbu- mous "Due regole della prospettiva pratica", had great influence for centuries. This is partly because he presents with skill the rigid sequence and the beautiful relation of parts in ancient architecture, and partly because his writings present a standard for work easily grasped by amateurs and persons of small ability. These writings place him in the same class with Serlio and Palladio. He built near the Piazza Navona a small palace in strict accordance with his own rules. The lowest story was embellished with Doric columns beneath a vigorous Doric frieze; the middle story with Ionic columns; while above the top story was a cornice with brackets, the whole forming a simple and graceful fa<,'ade. The most celebrated of his secular buildings was the Farncse castle at Viterbo, which shows the impressions made upon him during a visit to France: the exterior is a pentagonal fortress; within is a fine circular court in the Renaissance style. The first Jesuit church at Rome, the famous Gesfl, built by him, although itself restrained in manner, prepared the way for t he Baroque Btyle. Here Vignola connected the dome with a nave,
giving the latter such breadth and height, in contrast
with the very narrow aisles, that the central space
produces a preponderating effect, the aisles showing as
mere rows of chapels. .Appropriately furnished and
decorated, such a structure is well adapted to the
services of the
Church. The
plan has been fre-
quently repeated
both in Jesuit and
other churches.
The porch of the
Gesii was built by
Giacomo della
Porta; its uniting
volutes between
the stories and the
ornamental ion
around the door-
way also became
models for the
succeeding period.
Maderna was one
of the first who,
in the completion
of St. Peter's, was
strongly influenced
by Vignola. From
1.564 Vignola car-
ried on Michelangelo's work at St. Peter's and
constructed the two subordinate domes according to
Michelangelo's plans, yet with a successful independ-
ence. Besides buildings erected at an earlier date
at Bologna and Montepuleiano, mention should be
made of his work in the Villa Giulio for Pope JuUus II,
the Church of the Angels at Assisi, and lastly the
much-admired little Church of Sant' Andrea at Rome
on the Pontemolle road, a square structure with a
cupola.
WiLUCH. Monographic (Strasburg, 1906). See also the well- known works of Vasari and Quatrem^re de Quincy.
G. GlETMANN.
Vigor, Simon, French bishop and controversiaHst, b. at Evreux, Normandy, about 1515; d. at Car- cassonne, 1 Nov., 1575. Son of Raynaud Vigor, a court physician, he went to Paris about 1520, where his studies included Greek, Hebrew, and Latin; later he devoted himself to theology. Admitted to the College of Navarre in 1540, in the same year he became rector of the University of Paris. In 1545 he became a doctor of theology and was appointed penitentiary of Evreux. Thenceforth he devoted himself to pastoral and controversial preaching with great success. He was called upon to speak at Rouen, Paris, Metz, and eLsewhere. When conferences took place at Saint-Germain near Paris (1562) between the Catholics and the Calvinists defended by Theodore Beza and others, Vigor was one of those chosen to defend the Catholic cause in the name of the Sor- bonne. In 1563 he was among the twelve theologians representing the Sorbonne at the Council of Trent, where he took part in the discussions on clandestine marriages and indulgences, and distinguished himself by his vast erudition. He was instrumental in cement- ing amicable relations between Cardinal Hosius of \\'arsaw, papal legate to the council, and Francisco Torres (Turrianus), and won the confidence of Cardi- nal de Lorraine whom he accompanied on his visit (Feb., 1563) to Ferdinand I at Innsbruck.
On his return to France Vigor became pastor of the Church of St. Paul-de-Paris, tlie royal parish, theolo- gian of the chapter of Notre-Dame, and court preacher. He persevered in his combat against the Protestants with an ardour which drew on him for some of his propositions (March, 1564) if not the censure, at least the displeasure, of the Sorbonne. He converted several of them, among others the
