VIRGINIA
453
VIRGINIA
mpnt materials; (3) clays, sands, marls, and gem min-
erals; (4) metallic minerals, embracing iron, copper,
zinc, lead, gold, silver, tin, nickel, and cobalt; in
1910 Viiginia produced 800,000 tons of iron ore and
444,976 tons of pig iron; (5) non-metallic minerals,
including graphite, sulphides, sulpharsenides, the hal-
ides, embracing
sodium chloride,
or common salt,
oxides, silicates,
phosphates, ni-
trates, sulphates,
and the hydrocar-
bons : namely,
I'oal, coke and
I heir by-products,
i;as, tar, and am-
monia. There are
in the state 19(.X)
square miles of
coal fields, the
production (1910)
l)cing 5,000,000
tons, and of coke,
l,i:?5,000tons. In
1910 the shipment
of coal from
Hampton Roads
was greater than
from any other
port in the world.
Newport News
■xported 7SG,000 tons (value, .52,083,000).
Manufactures. — In 1909 the output in manufactures
amounted to 8219,794,000; capital, .$216,392,000, an
incrcjise over 1900 of more than 100 per cent. The
output from iron and machine works alone in 1911 was
$24,143,000; capital, $24,982,000; wages, $8,206,000;
and from tobacco manufactures, $21,445,000; capital,
86,321,000; wages, $2,378,000. Some of the other
principal products, in order of output, are flour and
grist, woodenware, leather, cotton goods, paper and
pulp, and boots and shoes. The total manufacturing
capital in 1912 should reach $260,000,000. with out-
put of about $285,000,000. If to these last figures
is added the value of the products of farms, fish-
eries, forests, and mines, the yearly production of
the state (1912) should approximate "$435,000,000.
Banking, Real Estate, Insurance. — There were in Virginia (December, 1911) 130 national banks with total resources, $151,932,000, a marked increa.se since 1900. The resources of state banks (April, 1912) amounted to $73,862,000. In Richmond alone the bank clearings (1911) were $392,000,000; deposits, $45,800,000; loans and discounts, $43,000,000. The total valuation of real estate (1911), other than min- eral lands and standing timber, was $486,339,000, di- vided as follows: counties, S2ti7,923,000; cities, $218,- 416,000. Of the total, the whites owned $461,242,000; the negroes, $25,097,(K)0. The building operations in the city of Richmond equalled .$6,017,000. The gross insurance risks written in Virginia (1910) were as follows: fire insurance, S315,9.57,0(X); marine in- surance, $21,097,000; life insurance, $225,717,000.
Transportation. — The Atlantic Ocean, Chesa- peake Bay and its numerous inlets, with large navi- gable rivers, give Virginia direct water communi- cation with every seaport. Hampton Roads, the manoeuvring place of the I'nitcd States fleet, is con- sidered one of the world's finest bodies of water. Extensive shii)pinK is carried on by Norfolk (1911: exports, $10,K.S0,00fJ; imports, .$2,010,f)00), Newport News (exports, $5,821,000; imports, $9S2,000), Ports- mouth, and Fort Monroe. The principal river porta are Richmond, on I he. lames; Peti-rsl>urK, on the .Appo- mattox; West Point, on the York; Frederick.sburg, on the Rappahannock; and Alexandria, on the Potomac.
The steam railroads in Virginia number 4 1; with branch
Unes listed separately, 50. The total mileage (1910)
was 4609. The principal lines are the Atlantic Coast
Line; Chesapeake and Ohio; New York, Philadelphia,
and Norfolk; Norfolk and Western; Richmond,
Fredericksburg, and Potomac; Seaboard Air Line;
Southern; Virginia and South-western; Virginian;
and Washington Southern. There are 22 electric
railroads, some of great length, extending between
cities. Nluch is being done for public highways by
the good roads movement, due in part to the increas-
ing use of automobiles.
Education. — A. General. — The Constitution re- quires the General Assemblj' to maintain an efficient system of public free education. The schools for whites and negroes are separate, for both of which annual appropriations are made. The State appro- priations for 1912 were more than double those of the last six years, being as follows: elementary and high schools, $1,733,081; higher institutions, approxi- mately, $.500,000; total, $2,233,081. The local funds raised from taxation and otherwise for elementary and high schools amounted to $3,434,357, giving grand total for public educational purposes of $5,667,438. State aid is refused to all denomina- tional schools, although provision is made for their incorporation, as also for that of all religious and charitable institutions. Statistics of public schools (1911) show: school population, 616,168; total enrol- ment, 409,397; in high schools, 16,471; average daily attendance, 263,241; teachers, 10,676; number of school houses, 6838; school revenue, $5,073,000; salaries of teachers, $2,935,000; annual cost of build- ing.s, $1,021,000; libraries and class apparatus, $30,000; total value school property, .$8,5.53,000, an increase in 6 years of over 1(M) per cent. The Uni- versity of Virginia was begun by Thomas Jefferson in 1819. There are departments of law and of medicine. It numbers amongst its graduates some of the state's most illustrious sons. In 1911 there were 9() professors, 24 oflncials, 784 students, and including the summer school, 2070. Other advanced state institutions are William and Mary College, Virginia Polj'technic Institute, Virginia Nlihtary Institute, Miller Manual Labour School, and the Female State Normal School. Among private schools, Washing- ton and Lee Uni- versity, Lexington, with law school, and the Lynch- burg Women's College, like the University of Vir- ginia, have a high rank. Other col- leges, many of a denominational character, are Brid ge water, Eastern, Emory and Henry, Frcd- erick.sburg,Hampt- den-Sidncy, Hamp- ton Normal and Agricultural Insti- tute, Hawthorne, Hollins, Martha Washington, Mary Baldwin, New- market I'olytechnic Institute, Randolph -Macon, Richmond, with law school, Richmond Women's, Roanoke Southern Female; Staunton Military, Stonewall .Jackson Institute, Sweetbriar, Virginia, ('hristian, Virginia Intermont, «nd Virginia Union (coloured university). There are many business colleges, various seminaries of different denominations for white and for coloured, and three highly-rated
