ZULIA
766
ZXJLULAND
zucchetto under the mitre. In the "Ordo" of
Jacobus Gajetanus (about 1311) the zucchetto is
mentioned in connexion with the hat of the cardinals
(cap. cxviii), and with the mitre in the "Ordo" of
Petrus AmeUi (cap. cxliv.), which appeared about
1400. It is shown in the pictures and sculpture of the
late Middle Ages sometimes as a round skuU-cap,
sometimes as a cap that covers the back of the head
and the ears. In this shape it was called camawo;
this designation was given e.xpeciaUy to the red velvet
cap of this kind bordered with ermine that was pecu-
Uar to the pope. There was great confusion as to the
proper use of the zucchetto, and hence the Sacred
Congi-egation of Rites has delivered several decisions
on the subject ("Deer. auth. Congr. SS. Rit. ", V,
Rome, 1901, 382).
Bock, Gesch. der IUutq. Gewander, II (Bonn, 1S66) ; Bbaun, Die lilurg, Gewandung im Occident u. Orient (Freiburg. 1907); MoBONi, Dizionario (Venice, 1840), s. v. Berrettino,
Joseph Bkaun.
Zulia, Diocese of (Zuliensds), comprises the State of Zulia in the RepubUc of Venezuela. The Diocese of Zulia was erected by Leo XIII on 28 July, 1897, its territory being detached from the See of Merida. Francesco Marvez, the first bishop, was elected, 17 May, 1897, and consecrated, 16 Jan., 1898. At his death the see remained vacant from 17 Dec, 1904, to 16 Aug., 1910, being administered during this time by the capitular vicar Felipe S. Jimenez. Ar- turo Celestino Alvarez, consecrated 6 Nov., 1910, is the present bishop. Zulia is suffragan of Santiago de Venezuela, the episcopal residence being at Mara- caibo. Its most notable buildings are: the cathedral, the churches of the Immaculate Conception and Our Lady of Chiquinquira, the poor-house, and the insane asylum. The diocese possesses a preparatory semin- ary, the Colegio Don Bosco directed by the Salesian Fathers for boys, and an academy directed by the Sisters of Charity of St. Anne for girls, besides other CathoUc schools. Among its charitable houses may be mentioned a lazaretto, two hospitals, a poor-house, an orphan asylum for boys and girls, an insane asylum, a house of refuge for poor girls, a school for beginners and one for poor children, all of which are under the care of the Sisters of (i"harity. Several CathoUc periodicals are pubhshed in the diocese: diocese: "Boletin Eclesiastico", the official organ of the diocese; "El Avisador", daily; "La Propaganda Catohca", fortnightly; "El Adalid", monthly.
SiLVA, Documenios para Historia de la Diocesis de Merida; CoRDERO, Documentos para la Hisiorica del Zulia; Roj.as, Leyen das Historicas; Guzmax, Historia del Zulia; Aroch.v, Diccionario Geografico Estadzstico, e Historico del Zulia; Sanchez, Geografia del Zulia; Rivas, El Zulia Ilustrado.
Felipe S. Jimexez.
Zululand, a territory in South Africa lying be- tween 28° and 29° S. latitude and inhabited by the Zulus or Amazulus, who belong to the Bantu family. Since 1897 this region has been a province of the British colony of Natal, and comprises only two- thirds of the ancient Zulu possessions. It is bounded by the Tugela on tl>e south, the Transvaal on the west, Swaziland on the north, the Indian Ocean on the east, and luas an area of lO,}.^ sq. miles.
In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Zulus were a small tribe ntmibering hardly more than two or three tliousand souls. Ten years later they could put 100,(X)0 warriors in the field, and from that time until recently they devastated a great part of Soutli .\frica, and even terrorized the Boers and the British settlers. This was due to the apjiearance in their ranks of a great military genius, Tchaka, "the Zulu Napoleon". Having succeeded his father in 1810, he joined with Dinghiswayo, King of the Uni- tewa, introfluced military discipline among his men, and incorporated into his army the j'oung men of the trilies he conciuered. By 1818 these conquerors had exterminated or subjugated all their neighbours, ex-
cept the great tribe of the Umdwandwe, whose chief
was named Zuidi. Zuidi captured Dinghwiswayo
and put him to death, but was in turn overcome by Tchaka, whose power was thereafter unchallenged. His empire in 1820 extended from Delagoa Bay to the St. John River, thus embracing the present territories of Natal, Zululand, Swaziland, Tongaland, and a part of the Transvaal.
After Zuidi's defeat several great migrations took place: members of his family and his principal officers, preferring exile to slavery, assembled some of their warriors and went north. Moseleketzi (in Zulu Um- zihkazi) placed himself at the head of a clan, the Matabele, and, destroying everything in his path, set- tled between the Limpopo and the Zambesi Rivers. He died in 1867, leaving his throne to his son Loben- gula, the founder of Bulawayo. This branch of the Zulus was conquered by the British in 1893, and Lobengala fled to the banks of the Zambesi where he died miserably. The Basutos were also attacked by the Zulus,, but with the assistance of the French mis- sionaries, Cassatis, Arbousset, and Gossehn, they pre- ser\'ed their independence. Through the vast plain lying along the Indian Ocean between the Natal and the mouth of the Zambesi, the Zulu tribes fled before Tchaka, devastating as they went. Among the chief- tains of these savage hordes mention may be made of: Segondaba, who founded Mombera, west of Nyassa; Mozila, who allied himself with the Portuguese of Lorenzo Marques, and ceded to them the region south of the Nkomati; Gungunyane, his son, who made war on the Portuguese, was defeated by them in 1898, and was exiled to Cape Verde.
Tchaka's empire, founded on massacre and pillage, could not last. In 1824 he came into contact with a number of EngUsh from the Cape, who helped him in his operations against the Pondos in the south. To these he granted trading facihties in his territory, and ceded to them Port Natal, which had been dis- covered by Vasco de Gama in 1497: near this district, the capital Durban (called after Urban, a governor of the cape) was established in 1846. In 1828 Tchaka was treacherously slain by his brother Dingaan, who succeeded him. The Boers were then beginning to cross the Drakenberge, and in 1837 almost a thousand of their wagons had passed over the mountains. Din- gaan was startled by this foreign invasion, and, having invited several of them to a feast, treacherously mass- acred them. Tliis was the signal for a merciless war. In a first encounter, on a tributary of the Tugela, the Zidus surprised and killed nearly 700 Dutch men, women, and children. The name Weenen (tears) still points out the site of this butchery. The Boers did not yield. In 1840, Dingaan having been slain by his brother Pande, they allied themselves with the latter, and founded the Re]Hiblic of Natal, making Pietermarit (named after two of their heroes Pieter Retief and Gevrit Maritz) their capital. The Boers, having gained the upper-hand, began at once to drive all the blacks out of Natal. The Cape Government, however, intervened "in the name of humanity ", and, "protecting" the Zulus against the Boers, and the Boers against the Zulus, soon became the master of both.
In 1872 Pande died, leaving the chieftainship to his son Cettiwayo (in Zulu Ketshwayo). The latter in 1879 ventured to make war against the British. Despite the inferiority of their weapons, the Zulus were victorious. In one of these conflicts Prince Louis Napoleon fell. But, finally, the Zulu army was overthrown on the banks of the Univolosi, at the very spot where the tribal tradition placed the birthplace of their founder. Brought to England, and after- wards re-installed as chief in 1883, Cettwayo died in 1884. His son, Dini zulu, attempted a rebellion in 1.S89, but was captured .and exiled to St. Helena. Since then, the Zulus, di.s])er.sed throughout the Natal and the territory left to them, seem to liave lost, with
