CRAWFORD
30
CROSS
and cenoliites: Life of Cyrus by Panibo of Scete
[* Or. 6783], Life of John Calybites [ibid.], Life of
Onuphrius [Or. 7027], eulogy of the same by Pisen-
thio.s of Coptos [Or. 6800]. (8) Bishops: eulogy of
Demetrius, Archbishop of Antioch, by Flavins of
Ephesus [* Or. 6783]; Life of Pesynthius of Coptos
[Or. 7026]. (9) Miscellaneous: "Asceticon" of St.
Ephrem the SjTian [* Or. 6783], epistle of the same
[ibid.]; three homilies of St. Athanasius — on mercy
and judgment [* Or. 5001, 3], on the parable of the
man who went out early on the morning to hire work-
men for his vineyard [ibid., 5], and on the soul and
the body [ibid., 9); discourse of St. John Chrysostom
on repentance and temperance [ibid., 1], exegesis of
the same on Susanna [iliid., 2]; homily of St. Basil
on the dissolution of the world and the temple of
Solomon and on death [ibid., 8]; discourse of Theo-
philus of Alexandria on repentance and temperance,
also that man must not put off repentance until sur-
prised by death [ibid., 4]; homily pronounced by
Proclus of Cyzicus in the great church of Constanti-
nople, the Sunday before Lent, on the doctrine of
Nestorius, who was present [ibid., 7|; homily of the
same pronounced in the church of Anthemius, in
Constantinople, on Easter Sunday, when he was in-
stalled, while Nestorius was present [ibid., 6]; dis-
course of Eusebius of Ca-sarea on the Chanaanite
woman [ibid., 10]. See also: Versions of the Bi-
ble, Coptic, in this volume, and Egypt, Coptic
Literature, in Vol. V, 356-362.
On Or. 5000 .ind Or. 5001 cf. Crum, Catalogue of the Coptic Mss. of the Brit. Museum (London, 1905), Nos. 940. 171; Walli3 Budge. The earliest known Coptic Psalter in the Dialect of Upper Egypt from the unique Papyrus oriental 5000 in the Brit. Museum (London, 1908); Idem, Coptic Homilies in the dialect of Upper Egypt (from Or. 5001 test and English tr., London, 1910). On Or. 7594 and Or. 6S03 cf. Walus Bcdge. Coptic Biblical Texts of Upper Egypt, with ten plates (London, 1912), with contributions by Kenyon and Bell. On the St. Mercurius (Edftt) collec- tion, cf. RusTAFJAELL, Light of Egypt, in which several of the MSS. are described and illustrated. The above account, however, is based on the writer's personal, though cursory inspection of most of the manuscripts. For those marked with an asterisk (•) he had to depend on the list kept in the Oriental Room of the British Museum.
H. Htvernat
Crawford, Francis Marion, novelist, b. of Ameri- can parents at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, 2 .4ug., 1854; d. at his home near Sorrento, Italy, 9 April, 1909. In early manhood he became a convert to the Cathohc Faith. His father, Thomas Craw- ford, was a dis- t inguished sculp- tor; his mother, Louisa Ward, was a sister of Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. The greater part of his j'outh was passed at Rome, and, after having studied in various colleges in Ameri- ca, England, and ( iermany, he ter- minated his stud- ies in the Roman University, where he attended the lectures in San- skrit and comparative philology given by the learned Professor Lignana. At the same time he was already occupied with English literature. He afterwards passed four vears and a half in the East Indies and the United States as journalist, critic, and finally novelist, up to the time of his marriage in 1884, when he took up his residence at the villa he had bought
and remodelled for himself near Sorrento on the Bay
of Naples.
With the pubUcation in 1882 of "Mr. Isaacs", his first and in some respects most characteristic novel, he suddenly leaped into fame. While it was running tlirough the press Crawford began a more carefully composed novel, "Dr. Claudius" (1883), which more than repeated the success of "Mr. Lsaacs". His tliird novel, "A Roman Singer", ran serially through the pages of the "Atlantic Monthly" and was published in 1884. It was this third novel which opened out to Mr. Crawford his true field, the description of Italian life and character with its many cosmopolitan, and especially its American and English, affiliations. He was the author of some forty novels and one play, "Francesca da Rimini", and his publications commanded a larger sale than those of any con- temporary writer of fiction in England or in the United States. Besides those mentioned his princi- pal works of fiction are the following: "Zoroaster" (1885); "A Tale of a Lonely Parish" (18.S6); "Sar- acinesca" (1887); "Marzio's Crucifix" (1887); "Paul Patoff" (1887); "Greifenstein" (1889); "Sant' Ilario" (1889); "A Cigarette Maker's Romance" (1890); "The Witch of Prague" (1891); "Don Orsino" (1892); "Pietro Ghisleri" (1893); "The Ralstons" (1895); "Corleone" (1897); "Via Crucis" (1899); "In the Palace of the King" (1900); "Mari- etta, A Maid of Venice" (1901); "The Heart of Rome" (1903); "Whosoever Shall Offend" (1904); "Soprano, A Portrait" (1905); "Fair Margaret" (1905); "The Primadonna" (1907); and "The Diva's Ruby" (1908). Crawford did not confine his attention to fiction. History, biography, and description are represented in his: "Constantinople" (1895); "Ave, Roma Immortalis" (1898); "The Rulers of the South" (1900) — renamed "Sicily, Calabria and Malta" (1904); "The Life of Pope Leo XIII" (1904); and "Gleanings from Venetian Historj'" (1905). In 1904 he published an essay entitled "The Novel: What it is", in which he gives his views upon the art of which he was a master.
While Marion Crawford in his public life always professed himself a Catholic, he can scarcely be called a Catholic novelist, and his treatment of Cathohc subjects in several of his works does not recommend itself to his coreligionists. In his Philip II, for ex- ample, he follows the traditional Protestant view and unjustly represents that monarch as a brutal bully, cruel, sensual, and base. During his last illness, Marion Crawford received all the comforts of religion. He chose the neighbouring chapel of the Franciscans for the ceremonies of his requiem.
Fraser, a Diplomatist's Wife in Many Lands, I (New York, 1910), ix.: Career of Crawford \ii Outlook (17 .\pril, 1909) ; CAron- ological list of Crawford's Works in Nation (15 •■ipril, 1909); Crawford's Influence on Literature in Forum (Mav. 1909);Egan, Francis Marion Crawford in The Ave Maria (29 Sept., 1900).
E. P. Spillane.
Cross, Daughters of the, a Belgian religious congregation founded in 1833 at Liege, by Jean- Guillaume Habets, cure of the Holy Cross, and Mile. Jeanne Haze (later Mere Marie-Th6rese). The institute is under the protection of the Blessed Virgin and St. Teresa, and its rules are based on those of St. Ignatius. "The nuns, who received papal recogni- tion on 1 Oct., 1845, and had their statutes approved by the Holy See on 9 May, 1851, recite the Office of the Blessed Virgin daily. They make perpetual vows, which are renewed annually on 8 Sept. The chief end of the institute is to honour Christ in His weak and suffering members and to cultivate devo- tion fo Our Lady of Sorrows. The main work of the Sisters is the education of poor girls, but. they have al.so established orphanages, and homes for the poor; they nurse the sick, and have shown their devo- tion on the battlefield in the German wars of 1866
