BEATITUDES
371
BEATITUDES
which seems to mark the place as distinct from the
hills of almost uniform height in the vicinity.
Legendre in Vic. Ditt. de la Bible. 1628, s. v. Beatitudes, Mont dear Fouahd, The Christ (New York. 1891); Andrews The Life of Our Lord (New York. 1901); Tholuck. Die Ber- grede. tr. The Sermon on the Mount (Philadelphia, 1S60); VoTAW m Hast., Ditt. of the Bible, Extra Volume, s. v. Sermon on the Mount; Le Camus. The Life of Christ (tr. New York). II- Maas, The Gospel according to St. Matthew (St. Louis, 1S98),
John F. Fenlon.
Beatitudes, The Eight, the solemn blessings {beaiitudines, benedictioncs) which mark the opening of the Sermon on the Mount, the very first of Our Lord's sermons in the Gospel of St." Matthew (v, 3-10). Four of them occur again in a slightly differ- ent form in the Gospel of St. Luke (vi, 22), likewise at the beginning of a sermon, and running parallel to Matthew, 5-7, if not another version of the same. And here they are illustrated by the opposition of the four curses (24-26). The fuller account and the more prominent place given the Beatitudes in St. Matthew are quite in accordance with the scope and the tendency of the First Gospel, in which the spiritual character of the Messianic kingdom — the paramount idea of the Beatitudes — is consistently put forward, in sharp contrast with Jewish prejudices. The very peculiar form in which Our Lord proposed His blessings makes them, perhaps, the only example of His sayings that may be styled poetical— the parallel- ism of thought and expression, which is the most striking feature of BibUcal poetry, being unmis- takably clear.
The text of St. Matthew runs as follows: —
3. Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
4. Blessed are the meek: for they shall possess the
land. .5. Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
6. Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after
justice: for they shall have their fill.
7. Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain
mercy.
5. Blessed are the clean of heart: for they shall see
God. 9. Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. 10. Blessed are they that sutler persecution for justice' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Textual Criticism. — As regards textual criticism, the passage offers no serious difficulty. Only in verse 9, the Vulgate and many other ancient authorities omit the pronoun auro(, i-psi: probably a merely ac- cidental omission. There is room, too, for serious critical doubt, whether verse 5 should not be placed before verse 4. Only the etymological connexion, which in the original is supposed to have existed between the "poor" and the "meek", makes us prefer the order of the Vulgate.
First Beatitude. — The word "poor" seems to repre- sent an Aramaic 'dnijd (Hebr. 'anf), bent down, afflicted, miserable, poor; while "meek" is rather a synonym from the same root, 'dnwan (Hebr. 'dndw), bending oneself down, humble, meek, gentle. Some scholars would attach to the former word also the sense of humihty; others think of "beggars before God" humbly acknowledging their need of Divine help. But the opposition of "rich" (Luke, vi, 24) points especially to tiie common and obvious mean- ing, which, however, ought not to be confined to economical need and distress, but may comprehend the whole of the painful condition of the poor: their low estate, their social dependence, their defenceless exposure to injustice from the rich and the mighty. Besides the Lord's blessing, the promise of the heavenly kingdom is not bestowed on the act'ual IL— 24
external condition of such poverty. The blessed
ones are the poor "in spirit", who by their free will
are ready to bear for God's sake this painful and
humble condition, even though at present they be
actually rich and happy; while on the other hand,
the really poor man may fall short of this poverty
"in spirit".
Secoyid Beatitude. — Inasmuch as poverty is a state of humble subjection, the "poor in spirit" come near to the "meek", the subject of the second bless- ing. The 'dnuwhn, they who humbly and meekly bend themselves down before God and m.in, shall "inherit the land" and possess their inheritance in peace. This is a phrase taken from Ps.. xxxvi (Hebr.. xxxvii), 11, where it refers to the Promised Land of Israel, but here, in the words of Christ, it is of course but a symbol of the Kingdom of Heaven, the spiritual realm of the Messiah. Not a few in- terpreters, however, understand "the earth". But they overlook the original meaning of Ps., xxxvi, 11, and unless, by a far-fetched expedient, they take the earth also to be a symbol of the Jlcssianic kingdom, it will be hard to explain the possession of the earth in a satisfactory way.
Third Beatitude. — The "mourning" in the Third Beatitude is in Luke (vi, 25) opposed to laughter and similar frivolous worldly joy. Motives of mourning are not to be drawn from the miseries of a life ol' poverty, abjection, and subjection, which are the very blessings of verse 3, but rather from those miseries from which the pious man is suffering in himself and in others, and most of all the tremendous might of e\'il throughout the world. To such mourners the Lord Jesus carries the comfort of the heavenly king- dom, "the consolation of Israel" (Luke, ii, 25) foretold by the prophets, and especially by the Book of Consolation of Isaias (x!-lxvi). Even the later Jews knew the Messiah by the name of Mendhhcm, Consoler. These three blessings, poverty, abjection, and subjection, are a commendation of what nowa- days are called the passive virtues: abstinence and endurance, and the Eighth Beatitude (verse 10) leads us back again to the same teaching.
Fourth Beatitude. — The others, however, demand a more active behaviour. First of all, "hunger ami thirst" after justice; a strong and continuous desire of progress in religious and moral perfection, the reward of which will be the very fulfilment of the desire, the continuous growth in Inhuess.
Fi/th Beatitude. — From this interior desire a further step should be taken to acting; to the works of "mercy", corporal and spiritual. Through these the merciful will obtain the Divine mercy of the Messianic kingdom, in this life and in the final judg- ment. The wonderful fertility of the Church in works and institutions of corporal and spiritual mercy of every kind shows the prophetical sense, not to say the creative power, of this simple word of the Divine Teacher.
Siith Beatitude. — According to Biblical terminology " cleanness of heart " (verse S) cannot exclusively be found in interior chastity, nor even, as many scholars propose, in a general purity of conscience, as opposed to the Levitical. or legal, purity required by the Scribes and Pharisees. At least the proper place of such a blessing does not seem to be between mercy (verse 7) and peacemaking (verse 9), nor after the ap- parently more far-reaching \'irtue of hunger and thirst after justice. But frequently in the Old and Now Testaments [Gen., xx, 5; Job, xxxiii, 3; Pss., xxiii (Hebr., xxiv), 4; Ixxii (Hebr., Ixxiii), 1; I Tim., i, 5: II Tim., ii, 22] the "pure heart" is the simple and sincere good intention, the "single eye" of Matt., vi, 22, and thus opposed to the unavowed by-ends of the Pharisees (Matt., vi, 1-G, 1(>-18; vii, 15: xxiii, 5-7, 14). This "single eye" or "pure heart" is most of all required in the works of mercy (verse 7)
