BREMEN
757
BREMEN
918), the Hungarians laid waste the diocese and even
burned the city of Bremen. The ninth bishop,
St. Unni, died at Birlva (936), while on a missionary
journey to Scandinavia. Through the efforts of
Archbishop Adaldag (937-988) Bremen received the
privileges of a market to«Ti, and in 967 the same
archbishop obtained the jurisdiction of a count over
the city, as well as various cromi-lands from Otto I,
thus laying the foundation for the temporal posses-
sions of the archbishops of Bremen. At the instance
of Adaldag three dioceses were erected in Danish
territory and in Schleswig, and made suffragans of
Bremen. There was a considerable accession of
territory to the archdiocese under Archbishop Unwan
(1013-2J). The foundation, however, of the later
highly de\eloped temporal power of Bremen was
laid by Adalbert, the guardian and influential coun-
sellor of Henry IV; during his long episcopate (1043-
72) he brought nearly all the countships (Gralschaften)
within the limits of the archdiocese under the juris-
diction of the Church of Bremen. His dream of
raising the archdiocese to the dignity of a northern
patriarchate, however, was never realized. During
his episcopate the Obotrites were converted to
Christianity, and three dioceses, Oldenburg. Mecklen-
burg, and Ratzeburg, were erected as suffragans of
Bremen. The Northern churches, however, were
separated from Bremen, and later placed under the
Bishop of Lund, who was raised to the rank of a metro-
politan in 1103. Like Adalbert, his immediate suc-
cessors took the side of the emperors against the
popes. At the Council of the Lateran the nominal
metropolitan jurisdiction over the churches of
Scandinavia was restored to Adalbert II (1123-48),
but in reality they remained independent of Bremen.
During the episcopate of .Adalbert Vizelin succeeded
in his task of evangelizing the Slavs of Hol.stein and
Mecklenburg. Hartmch I (1148-68), Count of Stade,
brought the countship of Stade under the jurisdiction
of the Church of Bremen. His struggle with Henry
the Lion, Duke of .Saxony, entailed great suffering to
the archdiocese; in 11.55 the city of Bremen was
captured and plundered, and the countship of Stade
seized and held by Henry. After the fall of Henry,
Archbishop Siegfried (1178-84) was the first to re-
gain possession of the countship. Hartwich II (1184-
1207) founded several monasteries and promoted
the civilization of his people; his administration of
temporal affairs, however, was unfortunate and in-
volved the archdiocese in serious difficulties with
Emperor Henry VI, resulting in revolt on the part of
the bishop's subjects.
Dissensions over the choice of an archbishop and the claims of Palatine Count Henry, son-in-law of Henry the Lion, to the countship of Stade, left the Church of Bremen in sore straits at the beginning of the thirteenth century. .A.fter lengthy struggles. Archbishop Gerhard II (1219-57) finally received the undisputed possession of the countship, by which the territorial extent of the archdiocese was sul> stantially fi.xed, covering, at that time, the land be- tween the lower Weser and the lower Elbe, including also a part of the territorj' to the right of the mouth of the Elbe. Repeated difficulties over the choice of an archbishop, the grou-th of the city of Bremen, the continual disposal of diocesan privileges by arch- bishops under stress of financial embarrassment, misrule on the part of some archbishops, and other circumstances as well, contributed towards the de- cline of the power and splendour of the archdiocese which took place in the course of the fourteenth century. Among the more capable bishops of this period were: Joli.ann Grant (1307-27), previously Archbishop of Lund. Burchard Grelle (1327-44), who held a sjmod in 1328 and redeemed several castles of the archdiocese, which had been given as security; Johann II Slamstorff (1406-21); Boldewin von II.— 18
Wenden (1435-41), who was also Abbot of St.
Michael in Luneburg; Gerhard III (1441-63), and
others. Less fortunate was the episcopate of Hein-
rich von Schwarzburg (1463-96), who also became
Bishop of Munster in 1466; the city of Bremen took
advantage of the almost uninterrupted absence of the
last-named archbishop to shake off the episcopal
authority almost entirely. Several estates or castles
were given in pledge or fell in ruins, and the dis-
satisfaction of the people imder the ecclesiastical
rule increased, preparing the soil for the Reforma-
tion.
The successor of Heinrich von Schwarzburg, Johann III Rohde (1497-1511), cleared the arch- diocese of debt, and introduced many reforms. In spite of the fact that he came of the middle class, he sought to increase his prestige in the diocese by tak- ing as coadjutor Prince Christopher of Brunswick (1500). The latter succeeded in 1511, but being at the same time Bishop of Verden, resided chiefly in Verden, and so was unable to devote the necessarj- attention to his Diocese of Bremen. The Reforma- tion won its first victory in the city of Bremen; the Catholic clergy who opposed the new teaching were expelled, monasteries suppressed, the cathedral chapter banished from the city in 1533, and allowed to return only under the condition that no Mass be said or choir service held. From the city as a centre the new teaching spread through the surrounding territorj' and though the archbishop himself and some monasteries for a long time offered vigorous opposition, by the help of the Smalkaldic League, which Bremen had joined, the Reformation was introduced throughout the archdiocese, in some cases bj' force. After the death of Christopher (1558), the cathedral chapter, which was almost entirely Protestant by this time, chose as his successor his brother George (1558-66), who was already Bishop of Verden and Minden; during his episcopate, the archdiocese, with the exception of the cathedral and some country parishes, accepted the teaching of Calvin. George was succeeded by four Protestant archbishops, the last (1634) being Frederick, Prince of Denmark, later King of Denmark under the name of Frederick III. During the Thirty Years War, by the edict of restitution of Emperor Ferdinand II (1625), the archdiocese was restored to the Catholics, Catholic worship re-established, monasteries given back to the monks, and a college at Stade placed in charge of the Jesuits (1629-32). When, however, in 1632, the imperial troops were forced to evacuate the territory before the Swedes, Catholicism was once more rooted out. In 1644 the archdiocese was cap- tured by the Swedes, and in 1648 secularized by the Peace of Westphalia, and ceded as a duchy to Sweden, and the cathedral chapter at Bremen suppressed. In 1712 the territory became a po.ssession of Denmark, and in 1715 was pm-chased by the electoral Prince George of Hanover. The city of Bremen with the surrounding territory was in 1731 recognized as a free city of the empire, and in 1803 received an in- crease of territory; in 1815 it entered the German Confederation, in 1866 the North German Confedera- tion, and in 1871 the German Empire. The greater part of the present duchy was ceded to Prussia with the Kingdom of Hanover (1866). Ecclesiastically, the territory of the former Archdiocese of Bremen is divided among several dioceses: the city of Bremen and the vicinity, with about 13,000 Catholics, is subject to the Vicariate .\postolic of the Northern Missions, the remaining territorj' to the Dioceses of Hildesheim, Obnabriick, and Munster.
A complete bibliography of the oUler literature on Bremen in Dehio, Gesch. Jes Erzhulums Brrmen-Hamburg bis zum Ausijana der Mission (2 vols.. Berlin. 1S77). Cf. also Adamus Bremensis, GeKta llamenl>ur(jensis ecclesi^F ponlificum (Han- over, 1846; 2nil ed.. 1870). German tr. Ladre.st, Adams run Bremen Hamburgische Kirchenffesch. (Berlin, 1850), 2nd ed.
