CALLISTUS
185
CALLISTUS
Faith. And in fact it cannot be denied that the
Church of Rome must have held a Trinitarian doc-
trine not far from that taught by Callistus's elder
contemporary Tertullian and by his much younger
contemporary Novatian — a doctrine which was not
so explicitly taught in the greater part of the East for
a long period afterwards. The accusations of Hip-
polytus speak for the sure tradition of the Roman
Church and for its perfect orthodoxy and moderation.
If we knew more of St. Callistus from Catholic
sources, he would probably appear as one of the
greatest of the popes.
The Acts of St. Callistus were uncritically defended in the Acta SS., 14 Oct.; and by Mohetti, /;. S. Callieto /'. et M. (Home, 1752). The Phiiosophum.-na were lirst published in 1851. On the story of Callistus Hi-hex, Hippatytus and /m- Age (London. 1S52), and Cn. Worosworth, St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome (London, Is:..!' are worthless 1' ger's great work Hippolytus und Kallistus (Ratisbon, 1S53), tr Plummer (Edinburgh, 1876) is still the chief authority. See also Ue Rossi, Hull, -two d, Arch. Oe7.,lY 1IKS6I; Xorth- cote AND Browxlow, h'oma Sottrrarua i London. 1S79), I, 497-505. De Rossi observes that the Liber Pontifical™ .alls Callistus the son of Domitius. and he found Callistus Domitio- rum stamped on some tile,s of the beginning of the second cen- tury. I-urther there is extant an insi-ription of a Carpophorus, i freedman of M. Aurelius. The edict of Callistus on penance has been restored with too much :i- ntarn'c liv RoLPl Indulgens-Edikt dee rdmischen Bischaf Kalli.it (Leipzig, 1893), Harnack thinks thai Callistus also issued a decree about fasting and that other writings of his may have been known to Pseudo- Isidore, who attributed two letters to him (which will be found in the Councils, in HiNsrHirs, etc.); one of these seems to con- Dect itself with the decision attributed to Callistus bv Hippo- lytus; seeHiiixu-K, Chronol., II, 207-S. On the Cat; [b
'.'i St Callistus see De Rossi. Roma Sotterranea (Rome, 1864- 77); Northcotf. and Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea (London, 1879).
Johx Chapman.
Callistus II, Pope, date of birth unknown; d. 13 December, 1124. His reign, beginning 1 February, 1119, is signalized by the termination of the In- vestiture controversy which, begun in the time of Gregory VII, had raged with almost unabated bitter- iess .luring the last quarter of the eleventh century ind the opening years of the twelfth. Guido, as he was called before his elevation to the papacy, was the son of Count William of Burgundy, and both by his father's and mother's side was closely con- nected with nearly all the royal houses of Europe. His brother Hugh had been appointed Archbishop of Besancon, and he himself was named Archbishop of Vienne (1088), and afterwards appointed papal legate in France by Paschal II. During Guido's tenure of this office Paschal II, yielding to the threats of Henry V, was induced to issue the " I'rivi- legium" (1111) by which he yielded up much of what had been claimed by Gregory VII, but these concessions were received with violent opposition and nowhere more so than in France, where the opposition was led by (luido, the papal legate. The latter was present at I lie Lateral! Synod '111'-'), and on his return to France convoked an assembly of the French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne (1112), where the investiture of the clergy was denounced as heretical, and sentence of excommunication pro- nounced against Henry V because he had dared to extort from the pope by violence an agreement opposed to the interests of the Church. These de- crees were sent to Paschal II with a request for con- firmation, which they received in general terms, 20 October, 1112 (Hardouin, VI, 2, 1916).
Guido was later, apparently, created cardinal by Pope Paschal, though tin- latter docs not seem to have been quite pleased with his zeal in his attacks upon Henry V. On the death of Paschal II (21 Jan., 1118), GelasiUB II was elected pope, but he was immediately seized by the Italian allies of Henry V, and on his liberation by the populace fled to Gaeta. where he was solemnly crowned. I bury V demanded the confirmation of the "Privilegium", but, receiving no satisfactory reply, set up as anti-
pope under the oame of Gregory VIII, the Arch-
bishop of Braga, Burdinus, who had already been
deposed and excommunicated for having crowned
Henry at Rome with the imperial crown (1117).
(Jelasius promptly excommunicated both the anti-
pope and the emperor, but was himself obliged to
flee, and took refuge in the monastery of Cluny,
where he died (January, 1119). On the fourth day
after the death of Gelasius ( 1 February), owing mainly
to the exertions of Cardinal Cuno, Guido was elected
pope, and assumed the title of Callistus II. He was
crowned at Vienne (9 February, 1119).
His election was everywhere received with ap- probation. On account of his close connexion with the royal families of Germany, France, England, and Denmark, it was hoped that he would be able to effect a favourable settlement of the controversy which had so long distracted the Church. Even Henry V received the papal embassy at Strasburg, and showed clearly that lie was not unwilling to sue for peace, and at the same time he withdrew his support from the antipope. It was even agreed that pope and emperor should meet at Mousson. In 1119 (8 .lime) Callistus held a synod at Toulouse mainly to promote disciplinary reforms in the French Church, and in ( October of the same year he opened the council at Reims which had been contemplated in the preliminary arrangements made between the emperor and the papal ambassadors at Strasburg. Louis VI and must of the barons of France attended the council, which was composed of more than four hundred bishops and abbots. It had been arranged that during the council the pope and emperor were to have a personal conference at Mousson, and in compliance with this agreement Henry V arrived at Mousson, not alone, as had been anticipated, but with an army of over thirty thousand men. Callistus II left Reims to attend the conference at Mousson, but on learning of the warlike preparations made by the emperor, and fearing that force was likely to be used to extract from him prejudicial concessions, he hastily returned to Reims. Here the council busied itself mainly with disciplinary regulations, especially with decrees against investiture, simony, and concubinage of the clergy. In the end, as there was no hope of a favourable compromise with Henry, it was determined that the emperor and the anti- pope should be solemnly excommunicated in the presence of the assembled fathers and the representa- tives of the secular authority (30 October, 1119). Before leaving France Callistus tried to effect a settlement between Henry I of England and his brother Robert, but his efforts in this direction were without result.
Callistus determined to visit Italy and Home. In the latter city (iregory VIII, supported by the German forces and the Italian allies of the emperor, had taken up his residence, but on the approach of Callistus, who was everywhere received with demon- strating of welcome, the antipope was obliged to flee to the fortress of Sutri, and Callistus entered Rome amid the universal rejoicings of the populace. He went south to secure the aid of the Normans of Southern Italy in his struggle against Henry V and (Iregory V1I1. The negotiations were entirely satisfactory. (Iregory was taken prisoner and es- corted to Home (1121), where he was with difficulty saved from the wrath of the people, and lodged in a prison near Salerno and afterwards in the fortress of Fumo. By the aid of the princes of Southern Italy Callistus broke the power of tiie Italian allies of the em | icn >r in Italy, not ably of Cencio Frangipani, who had already given so niiieh trouble to Gelasius II and to Callistus himself (1121),
Having thus established his power in Italy, he once more resolved to open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. The latter had
