CESARINI
546
CESENA
Grand Duke Francesco de' Medici ; including dedica-
tion and the indexes, it contains some 670 quarto
pages, of which 621 are taken up with the text proper.
Unlike the "herbals" of that period, it contains no
illustrations. The first section, including thirty
pages of the work, is the part of most importance for
botany in general. From the beginning of the seven-
teenth century up to the present day botanists have
agreed in the opinion that Cesalpino in this work, in
which he took Aristotle for his guide, laid the founda-
tion of the morphology and physiology of plants and
produced the first scientific classification of flowering
plants. Three things, above all, give the book the
stamp of individuality: the large number of original,
acute observations, especially on flowers, fruits, and
seeds, made, moreover, before the discovery of the
microscope; the selection of the organs of fructifica-
tion for the foundation of his botanical system;
finally, the ingenious and at the same time strictly
philosophical handling of the rich material gathered
by observation. Cesalpino issued a publication sup-
plementary to this work, entitled: "Appendix ad
libros de plantis et qusestiones peripatetieas " (Rome,
1603). Cesalpino is also famous in the history of
botany as one of the first botanists to make a herba-
rium;" one of the oldest herbaria still in existence is
that which he arranged about 1550-60 for Bishop
Alfonso Tornabono. After many changes of fortune
the herbarium is now in the museum of natural his-
tory at Florence. It consists of 260 folio pages ar-
ranged in three volumes bound in red leather, and
contains 76S varieties of plants, A work of some
value for chemistry, mineralogy, and geology was
issued by him under the title: De metallicis libri
tres" (Rome, 1596). Some of its matter recalls the
discoveries made at the end of the eighteenth century,
as those of Lavoisier and Haiiy; it also shows a cor-
rect understanding of fossils. The Franciscan monk,
Karl Plumier (d. 1704), gave the name of Cesalpinia
to a species of plants, and Linnaeus retained it in his
system. At the present day this species includes not
over forty varieties and belongs to the sub-order
Cassalpinioideae (family Leguminosa?), which contains
a large number of useful plants. Linnaeus in his
writings often quotes his great predecessor in the sci-
ence of botany and praises Cesalpino in the following
lines:
Quisquis hie exstiterit, primos concedat honores
Cassalpine Tibi primaque certa dabit. Linn.eus, Classes plantarum (Halle-Magdeburg, 1757); Fuchs, A. Ccesalpinus (Marburg, 1798); Flui-kens, Histoire rouverte de la circulation du sang (Paris, 1S57); Sachs, Geschichte der Botanik (Munich, 18751, an exhaustive work but somewhat one-sided ami not always right in its judgments; Haser, Geschichte der Median (Jena, 1881), II; Mabchesini, /„, ,(,,•,•.■ . , ,', I r , „/,„,,„ in /.■ Hal ■ ' ». (1891);
■ • . ' ■ ,.■ r dua, 1893 ;
ice. IV.).", , t tains a hihliog-
idriss der Geschichte der PhUa-
many and Bohemia, where the Hussites were in open
rebellion. The cardinal thought so highly of his
services that lie used to say that, if the whole Church
were to fall into ruin, Giuliano would be equal to the
task of rebuilding it. He had all the gifts of a great
ruler, commanding intellectual powers, and great per-
sonal charm. He was a profound scholar and a
devoted Humanist, while his private life was marked
by sanctity and austerity. In 1426 Martin V created
him cardinal and sent hirn to Germany to preach a
crusade against the reformers who were committing
grievous excesses there. After the failure of this
appeal to arms Cesarini was made President of the
Council of Basle in which capacity he successfully
resisted the efforts of Eugene IV to dissolve the
council, though later (1437) he withdrew from the
opposition, when he perceived that they were more
anxious to humiliate the pope than to accomplish
reforms. When the reunited council assembled at
Ferrara he was made head of the commission ap-
pointed to confer with the Hussites and succeeded at
least in winning their confidence. In 1439, owing to
a plague, the council was transferred from Ferrara to
Florence, where Cesarini continued to play a promi-
nent part in the negotiations with the Greeks.
After the successful issue of the council, Cesarini was
sent as papal legate to Hungary (1443) to promote a
national crusade against the Turks. He was opposed
to the peace which Ladislaus, King of Hungary and
Poland, had signed at Szegedin with Sultan Amurath
II, and persuaded the former to break it and renew
the war. It was an unfortunate step and resulted in
the disastrous defeat of the Christian army at Varna
in 1444, when Cardinal Giuliano was slain in his
flight. His two well-known letters to iEneas Sylvius
about the pope's relations to the Council of Basle are
printed among the works of Pius II (Pii II Opera
Omnia, Basle 1551, p. 64).
Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vile di Vomini illuslri, first printed at Rome, 1763; also printed in Mai, Spicilegium Homanum. I 166-1S4; and in the new ed. of Vespasiano (Bologna. 1892), I. Jenkins, The Last Crusader: The Life and Times of Cardinal Julian (London. 1861); Pastor, History of the Popes, tr. Anthobus (London. 1899), I; Gregohovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, tr. Hamilton (London, 1900), V It, Part I, Bk. XIII, i.ii; Chevalier. Rep.: Bio-bibl. (Paris, 1905-1907) gives an extensive bibliography.
Edwin Burton.
Cesena, Diocese of(C.esenatensis). The ancient Ccesena is a city of Emilia, in the province of Fori!
ardo, // primato '/■
Idem, l.n bntan leu in Itn/
id. ii . on p. 49; ("f.iieiuv sophie (Berlin, 1901 .III
Joseph Rompel.
Cesarini, Giuliano (also known as Cardinal
Julian), b. af Rome, 1'398; d. at Varna, in Bulgaria,
10 November, Mil. He was one of the group of
brilliant cardinals created by Martin V on the con-
clusion of the Western Schism, and is described by
Bossuet as the strongest bulwark thai the Catholics
could oppose to the < Ireeks in the Council of Florence.
Be was of good family and was educated at Perugia,
where he studied Etonian law with such success as to
be appointed lecturer there, Domenico Capranica and
Nicholas of Cusa being among his pupil-. \\ hen the
schism was ended by the universal r ignition of
Martin V as pope, ( iiuliano returned to Rome, where
he attached himself to Cardinal Branda. Suggestions
of wide r "i were rife, and the principles of theout-
mitv ..I the Church and its reformation from within became the ideals of bis life. In 1419 he accompanied Branda on his difficult mission to Ger-
ib Century)
(Italy), in the former States of the Church. It is
situated picturesquely on a hill at the base of
which Hows the Savio. It was probably of Gallic
origin, and was taken by the Romans in the third
century b. c. It was destroyed during the civil wars
between Marius and Sylla. 'After the overthrow of
the Ostrogoths it became a part of the exarchate.
