CHIABRERA
652
CHIECHAS
Jaml's Persian poem "Laila u Majnun". "La Mort
de Yadjnadatta" (Paris, 1S14, and again, with San-
skrit text, 1826) is a translation of a well-known epi-
sode of the Ramayana, describing the slaying of a
hermit by King Dasaratha (Bombay ed., II, 63). A
i ra n-lation of another episode from the same poem , t he
fight of Lakshmana with the giant Atikaya (VI, 71),
appeared in 181S. Ch6zy's most notable work, how-
ever, was the publication in 1830 of Kalidasa's fa-
mous drama, "Sakuntala", under the title "La recon-
naissance de Sacountala". This was the first time
i hat t he Sanskrit text of this masterpiece was printed.
Other works of his are an analysis of the Meghadfjta
(1817), "Anthologie erotique d'Amarou", a transla-
t ion of the " Amarusataka " . which appeared under t he
pseudonym of Apudy in 1831, and "La theorie du
Sloka" (1829), a disquisition on Sanskrit metre.
Besides this he has left much work in manuscript.
Houdas in La Grande Encyclopedic, s. v.
Arthur F. J. Remt.
Chiabrera, Gabriello, poet, b. at Savona, Italy, 8 June, 1552; d. there, 1638. When nine years of age he went to Rome to live with an uncle and there re- ceived his early education. He attended lectures on philosophy at the Jesuits' College until his twentieth year. When a youth at Rome, he was on familiar terms with the learned men of the day, and favours came to him unsought from the Dukes of Savoy, Mantua, and Florence, Pope Urban VIII and the Re- public of Genoa. He spent most of his time in Flor- ence and Genoa. When fifty years of age he married. He is said to have written this distich to be inscribed over his tomb:
Amico, In vivendo cervava il conforto per lo Monte Parnasso. Tu, meglio consigliato, fa di cercarlo sul Monte Cal- vario.
Chiabrera and G. Marini were the greatest lyric poets of the century. Chiabrera, especially, was a devoted student of the Greeks and is often called the Italian Pindar, but Anacreon, Alcaeus, and Horace as well as Pindar, and, of the French poets, Ronsard, wcn> his models. He used to say that he strove to follow Columbus in discovering a new world, a new world of poetry, as a reaction against the convention- alities of Petrarchism and the degenerated taste of the century. This reaction led the way for the classical lyric of the eighteenth century. Although he de- clared himself opposed to the use of rhyme, and even wrote some of his longer poems unrhymed, many of his poems show that he was master of it; he even in- troduced some new metres into Italian verse; he seems to have preferred short lines and some of his poems are in the form of the Pindaric ode, with strophe, antistrophe, and epode. On the whole, his poems are marked by splendid epithets, beautiful images, grace of form, richness of rhyme, yet, in spite of all that, they seem exaggerated and cold. All that he wrote was done with exactness, but it is only his lyrics that arc read tOHlay. Less known are his five
long heroic poems. He left, besides, a dozen dra- matic works in verse and eulogies and dialogues in
prose.
A quaint and amusing; life of Chiabrera, written by himself, is prefixed 0> Vol. 1 <>f his liimc (Milan. lsoTe A good selec- tion of nispoema was edited by F I Pot a t'lurenee, lsii..
i in the older editions, see \'\h\i.i>o. Itiblmumlia drllc opere a slampa di Gabruilo Chiabrera (Genoa, ISSCl.
Joseph Dunn.
Chiapas, Dioci -i "i . comprises almost the entire
state of that name in tin- Republic of Mexico. San
Crist6bal Las Casas, formerly called Ciudad Real, is
the episcopal seat, and is the principal city of the
I lie diocese is bounded by those of Guate
1 co and I ehuantepec. From t he time of
it erection, 11 April, 1538, by Pope Paul 111, this
was the centre of a successful Christianizing
movement, due to the apostolic labours of the first
bishop who occupied this see, the great Bartolome' de
Las Casas. The baptismal record of the diocese be-
gins in 1541. The Indians were gathered together
by the Dominican brethren of the first bishop into
settlements and were taught the crafts which they
still practise, and instructed in Christian doctrine in
their own tongue, as well as in many religious prac-
tices and customs which they have preserved to tin
present day. The chapter of the cathedral now
numbers 7 capitulars. There are 15 secular priests
and 6 Jesuits in the city. The seminary has all the
ordinary classes and a good number of students. A
well-equipped school for primary instruction is di-
rected by the Marist Brothers, and a school for girls
is under the care of the Sisters of the Divine Provi-
dence. There are other Catholic schools in this and
other cities of the diocese. The see city possesses a
good cathedral and nineteen other churches. The
diocese has been governed by thirty-six bishops since
its foundation.
Vasqtjes, Historia de la Provincia del .S'.S'. Nombre de Jesus de Guatemala (1714); Pineda. Historia de las Sublecaciones Ijidigena-i habidas en el I la ' ' pas, con Gramdtica de la
lengwa Tzeltal (1888); Colea ■ D imentos ineditos para la
Historia de Chiapas, ed. (inpar- t i lncibco' Orozco t Jime- nez; Idem, Colecci-m de />."■ ' ■ >i la Virgen de Caridad, en relacv'm con la subleraci>n de los Indigenes en 1712; Larrainzar, Historia del Soconusco (1S43).
Fraxcisco Orozco y Jimenez.
Chiavari (Clayarium). Diocese of (Clavarensis), suffragan of Genoa. Chiavari is a city of the prov- ince of Genoa in Northern Italy, situated on a little bay of the Gulf of Genoa. It became a diocese in 1892, but until 1896 was administered by the Arch- bishop of Genoa, to which diocese it originally be- longed. The first bishop was Fortunato Vinelli. Chiavari is famous for its industry and commerce, also for its cherrywood chairs first made by Giuseppe Desealzi. Many of the inhabitants devote them- selves to fishing, there being an abundance of fish about that coast. There are also many slate quarries in the neighbourhood. The beauty of tin- city is much enhanced by the churches of the Madonna. San Francesco, and San Giovanni. After tin- discovery of the conspiracy of the Fieschi (1542), and the cap- ture of Chiavari by the Counts of Lavagna, this city suffered much, being suspected of friendliness towards the conspirators. Among its illustrious citi- zens were: Luca Cantiano <li Moneglia, founder of a school of painting, and Giuseppe Gregorio Solari, translator of many Latin poets. The diocese has a population of 99 .21111. with 138 parishes. 33.") churches and chapels, 293 secular and 28 regular priests, [00 ecclesiastical students, 4 religious houses of men and 5 of women.
Ann. reel. (Rome, 1907), 392-95; Garibaldi, ( anlico, fino al 1797 (Genoa, 1853).
U. Benigni.
Chibchas (or Mtjyscas).— Nexi to the Quichuas of Peru and the Aymaras in Bolivia, the Chibchas of the eastern and north-eastern Highlands of Colombia
were the most striking of the sedentary Indians in South America. Al present they have ceased to
form autonomous tribes anil are practically extinct.
In the beginning of the sixteenth century they oc- cupied what is now the departments of Boyacd and Cundinamarca with, possibly, a few outlying settle incuts. The extent of territory indicated was only that of the tribes to which the name "Chibi is specially applied. The linguistic stock was
scattered over a greater area, ami indications even
authorize philologists to admit as highly probable
a connexion between the Chibcha dialects and , if the idioms of Costa Rica. Whence the Chibcl came is not established; indications seem to favour
the North rather than the South. Their traditions allude to the appearance among them, untold ages
