CONCORDANCES
195
CONCORDANCES
found in all manuals of canon law, e. g. Wernz. Jus Dccrcl.
(Rome. 1899), II, 653-665; Saomuller, Lchrbuch drs Kirchen-
Tcrhls (Freiburg. 1900), 313-19; Hergenrother-Holweck,
Lekrbuch dcs kath. Kirrhcnrechls (FreiburK, 1903), 268-73;
LAURENTirs, Inslil. juT. eccl. (Freiburg, 1903), nos. 99-103;
cf. BoDlx. De Curia Romami, 120. and De Papa. III. 341-44 —
The history of the conclave and its ceremonial are fully de-
scribed in the (illustrated) work of Ldcius Lector (Mgr.
Guthlin). Le Conclave (Paris, 1894). It replaces advantage-
ously the earlier work of Vanel on the history of the conclaves
(Paris. 1689; 3rd ed.. Cologne. 1703). English descriptions
like those of Trollope (London, 1876) and Cartwright
(Edinburgh. 1868) are generally unreliable, being largely in-
spired by the anti-papal histories of conclaves written by the
mendacious and inexact Gregorio Leti (s. 1., 1667. 1716). and
the inaccurate and maliciously gossipy Petrdccelli della
Gattijja (Brussels. 1865). See Dublin Review (1868), XI,
374-91, and Civillh Callolica (1877), I, 574-85; also Creigh-
Tos in Academy (1877). XI. 66. See La nouvelle Icffislation du
conclave in UniversUe calh. (Lyons. 1892). 5-47. and Teeling,
The Development of the Conclave in The Dolphin (Philadelphia,
1908). For a catalogue of studies (often documentary) on
special conclaves, see Cerroti, Bibliagrafia di Roma papnle e
mcdievale (Rome, 1893). The conclave that elected Pius X is
described by an eyewitness (Un Ti?moin), said to be Cardinal
Mathieu, in Revue des Deux Afondes, 15 March, 1904. See other
valuable recent literature in the articles Papal Elections,
and Exclusion, Right of.
Austin Cowling.
Concordances of the Bible are verbal indexes to the Bilile. or list.s of liiblical words arranged alpha- betically with indications to enable the inquirer to find the passages of the Bible where the words occur. Some sim[)ly indicate the passages; but a really good concordance quotes enough of a passage to recall it to the memory of one familiar with it. Sometimes concordance is used in reference to alphabetical in- dexes of Bihhcal subjects, which guide one to all the passages of the Bible referring to the subject in ques- tion ; but as commonly employed in English the word denotes a purely verbal concordance, a text-finder. Such a work is a useful and, in fact, indispensable, help to every student of the Bible. Its principal use is to enable him to locate any text he remembers, or to locate and get accurately any text vaguely remem- bered, if but one important word of it be recalled. Concordances in the original tongues are ever in the hand of the expert student in his exegetical and criti- cal studies, aiding him indirectly by their indications to ascertain the various shades of meaning which the same or cognate words may take on, and thus, for ex- ample, to prove helpful in the construction of the theology of a writer or an epoch; to trace the history of words and thus obtain a clue to the development of the doctrines connected with them, or the changes of thought and feeling that have taken place; to col- late the vocabulary of a writer or a document, and thus to gather evidence for determining the author- ship or date of disputed writings; to trace the history of a character, a race, a town, etc. ; and for various other purposes which each student discovers for him- self in the course of his studies. This article aims to be historical, but also, in part, practical, by indicating the best helps of this kind.
I. Latin. — Verbal concordances of the Bible are the invention of the Dominican friars. The text which served as basis of their work was naturally that of the Vulgate, the Bible of the Middle Ages. The first con- cordance, completed in 1230. was undertaken under the guidance of Hugo, or Hugues, de Saint-Cher (Hugo de Sancto Charo), afterwards a cardinal, as- sisted, it is said, by 500 fellow-Dominicans. It con- tained no quotations, and was purely an index to passages where a word was found. These were indi- cated by book and chapter (the division into chapters had recently been invented by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterburj-) but not by verses, which were only introduced by Robert Estienne in 1545. In lieu of verses, Hugo divided the chapters into seven almost equal parts, indicated l)y the letters of the alphabet, a, b, c, etc. This beginning of concord- ances was verj' imperfect, as it gave merely a list of passages, and no idea of what the passages contained.
It was of little ser\'ice to preachers, therefore; accord-
ingly, in order to make it valuable for them, three
English Dominicans added (1250-1252) the complete
quotations of the passages indicated. This complete-
ness of quotation is not aimed at in the present con-
cordances, for lack of space; it is likely, therefore,
that the passages indicated were far fewer than those
found in a complete concordance of to-day. The
work was somewhat abridged, by retaining only the
essential words of a quotation, in the concordance of
Conrad of Halberstadt, a Dominican (1310), which
obtained great success on account of its more conve-
nient form. The first concordance to be printed, it
appeared in 1470 at Strasburg. and reached a second
edition in 1475. The larger work from which it was
abridged was printed at Nuremberg in 1485. Another
Dominican, John Stoicowic, or John of Ragusa, find-
ing it necessary in his controversies to show the Bib-
lical usage of nisi, ex, and per, which were omitted
from the previous concordances, began (c. 1435) the
compilation of nearly all the indeclinable words of
Scripture; the task was completed and perfected by
others and finally added as an appendix to the con-
cordance of t'onrad of Halberstadt in the work of
Sebastian Brant published at Basle in 1496. Brant's
work was frequently republished and in various cities.
It served as the basis of the concordance published in
1555 by Robert Estienne (Stephens), the distinguished
French Protestant scholar and printer. Estienne
added proper names, supplied omissions, mingled the
indeclinable words with the others in alphabetical
order, and gave the indications to all passages by verse
as well as by chapter, in all these respects bringing his
work much closer to the present model. Since then
many different Latin concordances have been pub-
lished, of which it will suffice to mention Plantinus'
"Concordantite Bibliorum juxta recognitionem Clem-
entinam" (Antwerp, 1599), which was the first made
according to the authorized Latin text ; " Repertorium
Biblicum . . . studio . . . Patrum Ordinis S. Benedict!,
Monasterii Wes.sofontani" (Augsburg, 1751); "Con-
cordantia; Script. Sac", by Dutripon, in two im-
mense volumes, the most useful of all Latin concord-
ances, which gives enough of every text to make com-
plete sense (Paris. 1838; seventh ed. 1880; an edition
of the same by G. Tonini. at Prado, 1861, recognized
as nearly complete); Coornaert's, intended for the use
of preachers (Bruges, 1892); the "Concordantiarum
S. Scripturse Manuale", by H. de Raze, Ed. de La-
chaud, and J.-B. Flandrin (13th ed., Paris, 1895),
which, however, gives rather a choice of texts than a
complete concordance; "Concordantiarum LTniversae
Scripturee Sacrse Thesaurus", by Fathers Peultier,
Etienne, and Gantois (Paris, 1902). No Latin con-
cordance gives the Hebrew or Greek equivalent of the
Latin words; but Peter Mintert's "Lexicon Graeco-
Latinum" of the N. T. is a concordance as well as a
lexicon, giving the Latin equivalent of the Greek and,
in the case of Septuagint words, the Hebrew equiva-
lent also (Frankfort, 1728).
II. Hebrew. — The first Hebrew concordance was the work of a Jew, Mordecai or Isaac Nathan, begun in 14.38 and finished in 1448. It was inspired by the Latin concordances to aid in defence of Judaism, and was i)rinted in Venice in 1523. An improved edition of it by a Franciscan monk, Marius de Calasio, was published in 1621 and 1622 in four volumes. Both these works were several times reprinted, while another Hebrew concordance of the sixteenth cen- tury, by Eli;is Levita, said to supass Nathan's in many respects, remained in manuscript. Nathan and Ca- lasio arranged the words according to the Hebrew roots, the derivatives following simply according to the order in which they occur in the Hebrew books; the Buxtorfs, father and son, introduced order into the derivatives by a grammatical classification of the verbs and nouns. Their work (Basle, 1632) also con-
