Abti Isljaq Ibn al-'Assal and his brother Abfl '1-Faddil Ibn a!-'Assal are the chief representatives of theology, as Severus of Ashmunein and Abii 'l-Farag Ibn al- 'Assal, thirteenth cent., are of Scriptural studies, and John Abu Zakariah Ibn Saba and Gabriel V, eighty- eighth patriarch (fifteenth century), of liturgy; John's treatise "Gauharat an-nafisah" (Precious Gem) has been published (Cairo, 1902). — For the gram- marians and lexicographers, several of whom have already been mentioned in one connexion or another, see the excellent study of A. Mallon, S.J., " Une ^cole de savants Egyptiens au moyen age" in "Me- langes de la faculte Orientale de Tuniversit^ Saint Joseph", I, pp. 109-131, II, pp. 213-264. There re- mains to mention the great ecclesiastical encyclopedia of the Coptic Church, the " Lamp of Darkness and Illumination of the Church Service" of Shams al- Ri'asah Abu '1-Barakat Ibn Kibr (1273-1363). This stupendous work sums up, so to speak, the four cen- turies of literary activity we have just reviewed. (See Riedel, op. cit., pp. 15-80.)
Coptic Literature. — Quatremere, Recherches »ur la langue et la litterature de VEgypte (Paris, 1818); Renaudin, Essai de biblioffraphie Copte (Poitiers, 1896); Litterature chretienne de VEgypte m Universite Catholique, New Ser. XXX (1899): Stern, Koptische Sprache in Ersch and Gruber, XXXIX; Benigni, Bibliografia Copta in Bessarione (Rome, 1900), year V, vol. VIII; Crum in ArchcBological Report of Egypt Exploration Fund, every year from 1S93; Leipoldt. Gesch. der koplischeri Lit. in Litteraturen des Ostens in Einzeldarstellungen, VII, 131-183; Zoega, Catalogue Codicum Copticorum, manuscriptorum qui in MuscBO Borgiano Velitriit asservantur (Rome, 1810): Mingar- ELLI, ^Egyptiorum Codicum reliquice Venetiis in Bibliotheca Naniana osservatfE (Bologna, 1785): Crum, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts of the British Museum (London, 1905); Plbtte-BoE6ER, Manuscrits Copies du Musee d^Antiquites des Pays-Bos (Leyden, 1S97).
Copto-Arabic Literature. — Vansleb, Histoire de I'Eglise d'Alexandrie (Paris, 1677), 331-343, abstract from Abu'l- Barakat's encyclopedia: Riedel, the same abstract in Ger. tr. in Nachrichten von d. Kgt. Gessellsch, d, Wiss. zu Gottingen, Philolog.-hist. Klasse (1902), 5; Mallon, Ibin al- 'Assdl, Les trois ecrivains de ce nom in Journal Asiatique, X S^r., VI (1905), pp. 509 sq.; Mai, Script. Vet. Nova Collectio, IV Codices Arabici, etc. (Rome. 1831). See also other catalogues of Chris- tian Arabic MSS. (Paris, London, Oxford, etc.).
Egypt in General. — Among the older works on Egypt the following still possess value: Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal History (London, 1848-67): Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (Boston, 1883).
For further bibliographical information see the bibliographies in Breasted, History of_ the Ancient Egyptians, 445 sqq., and Baedeker, Egypt, clxxxi sqq. The most complete bibliography of Egypt is; Hilmy, The Literature of Egypt and the Soudan (London, 1886).
Egyptian Church Ordinance, an early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ordinations, the liturgy, and other main features of church life. It is called Egyptian because it first became known to the Western world in languages connected with Egypt. In 1677 the Dominican Wansleben first gave a brief account of these canons, which were found in the "Synodos", or what may be called the Ethiopic "Corpus Juris". In 1691 Ludolf published a fragment of this Ethiopic collection and added a Latin translation. In 1895 a further fragment, i. e. to the end of the ordination prayer for deacons, was published in German by Franz Xaver von Funk. In 1848 H. Tattam published all the canons in Bohairic (Lower Egyptian) with English translation. In 1883 Lagarde published the same canons in Sahidic (Upper Egyptian) from an excellent manuscript of A. D. 1006. This text was translated into German by G. Steindorff and this translation was published by H. Achelis (Harnack, "Texte und Untersuchungen", VI, 4). In 1900 E. Hauler discovered a very ancient Latin translation in a manuscript of the fifth or sixth century. This translation is of great value because it apparently is slavishly literal, and it contains the liturgical prayers, which are omitted in the Bohairic and Sahidic. The original text, though not yet found, was doubtlessly Greek.
The Egyptian Church Order is never found by itself, but is part of the Pseudo-Clementine Legal Hexa- or Octateuch in the form in which it was current in Egypt. In Hauler's Latin "Fragmenta Veronensia" (Leipzig, 1900) the order is: Didascalia, Apostolic Church Order, Egyptian Church Order, Book VIII of the Apost. Constit; in the Syrian Octateuch, "The Testament of the Lord", Apostolic Church Order, "On Ordinations" (by Hippolytus), Book VIII of the Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Canons; in the Egyptian Heptateuch, Apostolic Church Order, Egyptian Church Order (or Ordinance), Book VIII Apost. Constit., Apostolic Canons. The Egyptian Church Order is one of a chain of parallel and interdependent documents, viz. (1) the Canons of Hippolytus, (2) the "Canones per Hippolytum", (3) "The Testament of the Lord", (4) Book VIII of Apost. Constit. For some time a scholarly duel has been fought between two eminent men as to the relation between these documents. Document No. 3, "The Testament of the Lord" only came into consideration after its discovery and publication by Rahmani in 1899. H. Achelis strenuously maintained that the "Canones Hippolyti" are the oldest in the series and were written early in the third century; on it, according to him, the other documents depend, the Eighth Book of the Apostolic Constitutions being the latest development. Von Funk maintained the same order of documents as Achelis, only inverting their sequence, beginning with Book VIII of the Apostolic Constitutions, and ending with the "Canons of Hippolytus". Gradually, however, Funk's thesis seems to be winning almost universal acceptance, namely that Book VIII of the Apostolic Constitutions was written about 400, and the other documents are modifications and developments of the same, the Egyptian Church Order in particular having arisen in Monophysite Egyptian circles between the years 400 and 500.
Cooper and Maclean, The Testament of the Lord (Edinburgh, 1902); Wordsworth, The Ministry of Grace (London, 1901); von Funk, Das Testament unseres Herrn und die verwandten Schriften (Mainz, 1901); Baumstark, Nichtgriech. Paralleltexte zum VIII. Buche der Ap. Const. in Oriens Chr. (Rome, 1901); Bardenhewer, tr. Shahan, Patrology (Freiburg im Br., 1908), 353-57.
Egyptians, Gospel according to the. See Apocrypha.
Eichendorff, Josef Karl Benedikt, Freiherr von, "the last champion of romanticism", b. 10 March, 1788, in the Upper-Silesian castle of Lubowitz, near Ratibor; d. at Neisse, 26 Nov., 1857. Till his thirteenth year he remained on the parental estate umder a clerical tutor; then he was sent with his brother William to Breslau where he attended the Maria-Magdalenen gymnasium, at that time still Catholic. During those student years (1804) were written the first of Eichendorff's extant poems; no doubt his poetical talent had already been awakened in his romantic home. In the spring of 1805 he matriculated at the University of Halle. Here, under the influence of Professor Steffens, he became a follower of the Romantic School of poetry, and at the same time became acquainted with Calderon, some of whose plays were performed by the ducal company of Wei- mar in the neighbouring town of Lauchstädt. In later years he translated several autos sacramentales in truly poetical language. Eichendorff's development was even more strongly influenced by his sojourn in Heidelberg (1807), where the triumvirate of romanticism, Görres, Arnim, and Brentano, had, in the "Einsiedler Zeitung", taken the field against pedantry and Philistinism. With the two last-named the young poet did not then cultivate a closer acquaintance — he certainly did so in 1809 at Berlin — but the lectures of the great Görres made a deep impression on him. Recommended by Count Loeben, Eichendorff's first poems were printed in Ast's periodical, among them the famous song "In einem kiihlen Grunde". The
