DOCTOR
74
DOCTOR
Ref.") decreed that a bishop must be either doctor or
licentiate in theology or in canon law; if a religious, he
should have proper testimonials from his superiors.
It enacted the same requirement for the archdeacon
(Sess. XXIV, c. xii, de Ref."). Regarding the vicar
capitular and the pcrnitentiarius, it prescribed that
they should either have the degree or be othersrise
■well qualified. The Congregation of Studies recently
decided (7 March, 190S) that the penitentiary and
theologian of the cathedral chapter, if not already
doctors, must receive the degree within a year. The
Const. " Sapienti consilio " (29 June, 190S) prescribes
the doctorate Ln theology and canon law for the offi-
cials of the Rota and Signatura. It has been a matter
of controversy whether the vicar-general is obliged to
be a doctor, and whether the Tridentine decree con-
cerning the archdeacon is still in force. For the diver-
gent opinions, see Card. Germari, " Questioni Canon-
iche" (Rome, 190S), pp. 372, 292. The whole tenor
of ecclesiastical legislation has been in favour of re-
quirements which secure scientific qualifications in
those who are appointed to official positions in the
Church.
Erman-Horx. Bibhoffrapkie d. deutschen Vniversiiaten (Leip- zig, 1904), I, 252; Denifle, Vie Universitaten des Mittelallers (Berlin, ISSo); Kaufmaxx. Die Gesch, d, deutschcn Vniversiia- ten (Stuttgart, 18SS); Rashdall, The Universiiies of Europe, etc. (O.vford, 1S95); Laurie. The Rise and Early Constitution of Universities (New York, 1S98); Battandier. Annuaire Ponti- fical (Paris, 1906).
Doctors, Surx.imes of F.^mous. It was custom- ary in the Middle .\ges to designate the more cele- brated among the doctors by certain epithets or sur- names which were supposed to express their charac- teristic excellence or dignity. This was especially the case with the doctors in law and theology. The fol- lowuag list exhibits the principal surnames with the dates of death.
Doctors in Theology: —
Abstractionum — Francis MajTon, O.F.M., 1325 or 1327.
AcrUissimus — Sixtus IV, 1484.
Acutus — Gabriel Vasquez, S.J., 1604.
Amccnus — Robert Conton, O.F.M., 1340.
Angelicus — St. Thomas Aquinas, O.V., 1274.
-■Irra testamenti — St. Anthony of Padua, 1231.
Authcnticus — Gregory of Rimini, O.S.A., 135S.
Ai'erruixtaet philosophic parens — Urbanus,O.S.M., 1403.
Beatus et fundatissimus — jEgidius of Colonna, O.S.A., 1316.
Bon Hs— Walter Brinkley, O.F.M., 1310.
Christianus — Nicholas of Cusa, 1464.
Clarus — Louis of Montesinos, 1621.
Clarus ac subtilis — Denis of Citeaux, 15th cent.
Colledivus — Landolfo Caracciolo, O.F.M., 1351.
Columna doclorum — William of Champeaux, O.S.B., 1121.
Contradictiomim — Johann Wessel, 1489.
Divinus, Ecstaticus — John Ruysbroeck, Can. Reg., 13S1.
Doctor doctorum, Scholasticus — Anselm of Laon, 1117.
Dulcifluus — Antonius Andreas, O.F.M., 1320.
Ecstaticus — Denys the Carthusian, 1471.
Eminens — St. John of Matha, O. Trin., 1213.
Emporium theologicv — Laurent Gervais, O.P., 1483.
ExceUeniissimus — Antonio Corsetti, 1503.
Eximius — Francisco Suarez, S.J., 1617.
FacMwrfiw— Petrus Aureoli, C).F.^L, 1322.
Famosissimus — Petrus .\lberti, O.S.B., 1426.
FaTnosus— Bertrand de la Tour, O.F.M., 1334.
Fertilis — Francis of Candia, O.F.M., 15th cent.
Flos mundi — Maurice O'Fiehely, O.F.M., Abp.of Tuam, 1513.
Fundamentalis — Joannes Faber of Bordeaux, 1350.
Fundatissimus — see Beatus.
Fundatus—\\i\\\am Ware, O.F.M., 1270.
Illibatus — Alexander Alamannicus, O.F.M., 15th cent.
Illuminatus — Francis Mayron, O.F.M., 1325-27- Raymond Lully, O.F.M., 1315.
Illutninatus et sublimis — Joannes Tauler, O.P., 1361.
Illustratus — FranciscusPicenus.O.F.M., 14th cent.
lUustris — Adam of Marisco, O.F.M., 1308.
7nc/i/(«s— William Mackelfield, O.P., 1300.
Ingeniosissimus — Andrew of Newcastle, O.F.M., 1300.
Inter Aristofelicos Aristotelicissimtis — Haymo of Faversham, O.F.M., 1244.
Infincibilis — Petrus Thomas, O.F.M., 14th cent.
Irrejragibilis — .\lexander of Hales, O.F.M., 1245.
Magister Sententiarum — Peter Lombard, 1164.
Magnus — .-Ubertus Magnus, O.P., 1280; Gilbert of Citeaux, O.Cist., 12S0.
Marianus — St. Anselm of Canterbury, O.S.B., 1109.
McUifluus — St. Bernard, O.Cist., 1153.
Mirabilis — .\ntonio Perez, S.J., 1649; Roger Bacon, O.F.M., 1294.
M oralis— Gerard Eudo, O.F.M., 1349.
Notabilis— Pierre de ITle, O.F.M., 14th cent.
Ordinatissimus — Johannes de Bassolis, O.F.M., c. 1347.
Ornatissimxts et sufficiens — Petrus de Aquila, O.F.M., 1344.
Parisiensis — Guy de Perpignan, O.Carm., 1342.
Planus et utilis — Nicolas de LjTe, O.F.M., 1340.
Prceclarus — Peter of Kaiserslautern, O.Prsm., 1330.
Pra-stantissimus — Thomas Netter (of Walden), O.Carm., 1431.
Profundissimus — Paul of Venice, O.S..\., 1428; Gabriel Biel, Can. Reg., 1495; Juan Alfonso Curiel, O.S.B., 1609.
Profundus — Thomas Bradwardine, 1349.
Reftdgtdus — Alexander V, 1410.
Resolutissimus — Durandus of Saint-Pour^ain, O.P., 1334.
Resolutus — John Bacon, O.Carm., 1346.
Scholasticus — Peter Abelard, 1142; Gilbert de la Porr^e, 1154; Peter Lombard, 1164; Peter of Poi- tiers, 1205; Hugh of Newcastle, O.F.M., 1322.
Seraphicus — St. Bonaventure, O.F.M., 1274.
Singularis el invincibilis — William of Occam, O.F.M., 1347 or 1359.
So/fmnfs— Henry of Ghent. 1293.
Solidus, Copiosus — Richard of Middleton, O.F.M., 1300.
Speculativus — James of Viterbo, O.S.A., 1307.
Sublimis — Francis de Bachone, O.Carm., 1372; Jean Courte-Cuisse, 1425.
.Sh6;(7(',';— Duns Scotus, O.F.M., 1308.
Subtilissimus — Peter of Mantua, 14th cent.
Succinctus — Francis of Ascoli, c. 1344.
Universalis — Alanus of Lille, 1202; Gilbert, Bishop of London, 1134.
Venerabilis et Christianissimus — Jean Gerson, 1429.
Venerandus — Geoffroy de Fontibus, O.F.M., 1240.
Vita; Arbor — Johannes Wallensis, O.F.M., 1300. Doctors in Law: —
Aristotelis anima — Johannes Dondus, 1380.
Doctor a doctoribus — .Vntonius Franciscus, 1528.
Fons canonuin — Johannes .\ndrea, 1348.
Fons juris utriusque — Henry of Susa (Ostia"), 1267-81.
Luccrna juris — Baldus de L^ljaldis, 1400.
Lucerna juris pontificii — Nicholas Tedeschi. O.S.B., 1445.
Lumen juris — Clement IV, 1268.
Lumen legum — Irnerius, 13th cent.
