GORTYNA
654
60RZ
1854-1860); also "Gesamraelte Briefe hg. von Mario
Gerres u. Fr. Binder" (3 vols., Munich, 1858-74).
Joseph von Gorrcs. cine Skiz:c Keinc.s Lcbens (Ratisbon, l.S4S>; Joseph eon Gorres Id Hijsloriseh-Polilische Blatter (1851), XXVII, 1-41: S9-126; 272-304; 1853, XXXII, 557-594; 637- 680; 1860, LXV, 160-176, 249-261; BrOhl, Joseph von Gorres, ein Denkmal aus seinen Schriften auferbaut (Aachen, 1854); Heinrich, Jos. von Gorres, Ein Lcbensbild (Frankfort. 1867); Galland, John Joseph von Gorres (2nd ed., Freiburg im Br., 1877); Sepp, Gorres unci seine Zeitgenossen O^oidlingen, 1877); Idem, Gorres (Berlin, 1896); Wibbeut, Gorres als Literarhisto- riker (Cologne, 1899); ScHULTZ, Gorres mid diejungere Roman- lik (Berlin, 1902). J. P. KiRSCH.
GoTtyna, a titular see, and in the Greek Church metropolitan see, of the Island of Crete. The city, situated at the foot of Mount Ida, not far from the River Lethe, was first called Larissa, afterwards Crem- nia, then Gortys, and finally Gortyna. Homer men- tions it as a fortified city, which gives an idea of its great antiquity. Previous to the Roman occupation it was continually at war with the two neighbouring and rival cities of Cnossus and Cydonia, contending with them for supremacy. The result was desolation in an island predestined to happiness by its geographical position, climate, and soil. The Cretans, indeed, were ever the cause of their own distress, being at all times discontented with their government. Under Roman rule Gortyna became the civil and ecclesiastical me- tropoUs of the island, which then prospered in a degree hitherto unknown. Its first bishop was St. Titus, the disciple to whom St. Paul addressed one of his Epis- tles. A basilica dedicated to St. Titus, discovered at Gortyna partly in ruins, dates from the fifth, perhaps from the fourth, century. Among the earliest occu- pants of the see were St. Philip, a contemporary of Marcus Aurelius, whose feast is kept 11 April; St. Myron, commemorated 8 August; St. CjtII, 9 July; St. Eumenius, IS September; St. Peter the Younger, 14 July. In 170 St. Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, addressed a letter to the community of Gortyna (Buseb., H. E., IV, xxiii), then probably the metro- politan see of Crete. Among its archbishops mention should also be made of St. Andrew of Crete (d. 740), a famous Byzantine poet and orator, and opponent of the Iconoclasts. In 825 the island was taken by the Arabs, Archbishop Cyril was slain for refusing to apostatize, and Gortyna so completely destroyed that it never rose from its ruins. Thenceforth, moreover, the metropolitan ceased to bear the title of Gortyna, took that of Crete, and resided elsewhere, probably at Candia, a city built by the Arabs and made capital of the island. In the tenth century Nicephorus Phocas reconquered Crete for the Byzantine Empire, which held it until 1204, when it fell into the hands of the Venetians, who retained the island until 16G9, when the Turks took possession of it. The Venetians did not allow the Greek bishops to reside in Crete, while the Latin archbishop bore the title of Candia, not of Gortyna. Even yet the Latin diocese retains the name of Candia (q. v.), Gortyna being a titular archiepiscopal title. On the other hand the Greek Archbishop of Gortyna calls himself Metropolitan of Crete. The extensive ruins of Gortyna are located near the village of Hagioi Deka. Among them are a temple of Apollo, several statues, the basilica of St. Titus, and numerous inscriptions, among which is the text of the so-called Laws of Gortyna, found in 1884, which afford us a good insight into Greek law of the fifth century b. c. ^sculapius was much honoured at Gortyna. Within an hour's distance of the ruins is an immense grotto, by many archaeologists considered identical with the famous labyrinth._ It is, however, only an ancient quarry out of which Gortyna was built; the labyrinth was situated near Cnossus.
Lequien, Onens christianua (Paris, 1740), II, 256-65; Cor- nelius. Creta Sacra (Venice, 1755), I, 189-220; II, 42-103; EuBEl,. IHerarchia Calh. med. oevi (MQnster, 1898—), I, 223 eqq; II, 156; Perrot, L'«e d« Crife (Paris. 1886); Lahoche, La Crete ancienne el modeme (Paris, 1898); Bothmer, Kreta in Vergangenhnt und Gegenwar" (Leipzig, 1899). S. VAJLHfi.
Gorz (It. Gorizia; Slovene Gorica), capital cf
the Austrian crown-land Gorz and Gradiska, has a
population (1900) of 25,4.32, almost exclusively Catho-
lic, of which (58 per cent are Italians, 20 per cent Slo-
venes, and 11.6 per cent Germans. Since 1751 Gorz
has been the seat of an archbishop, metropolitan of the
ecclesiastical province of lUyria.
History. — The territory surrovmding Gorz belonged originally to the old Roman Prefecture of Ilh'ricum, on the division of which into East and West Illyricum in 379 it remained a part of the latter, and shared its, fortunes until Emperor Otto III divided it in 1001 be- tween the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Count of Friuli. The latter immediately assumed the title of Duke of Gorz after the castle of that name, for the town of Gorz was not recognized as such until 1307. In 1031 Gorz passed to the Eppenstein family of Car- inthia, and thence in 1090 to the Counts of Lurn, who in 1202, by arrangement with the patriarch, Pilgrim II, secured the territory belonging to the Patriarchate of Aquileia. By marriage Count Memhard III came also into possession of the Tyrol. After his death (1258) the family divided into the Gorz line, represented by Count Albert II, and the Tyrolese-Carinthian line, represented by Count Meinhard IV. The latter line became extinct in 1335 with Henry of Carinthia, who had been for a time King of Bohemia (1307-10); the Gorz line reached the zenith of its power under Henry II (d. 1323), among whose possessions were included Lusatia, Pusterthal, and Istria, and who held the office of vicegerent of the empire in the March of Tre- viso. Unsuccessful wars, divisions of inheritance, etc. led to the decline of the house, and at the death of the last count, Leonhard, in 1500 without issue, his territory fell to Emjieror Maximilian I, and, except for a brief interval of French occupation (1809-15), has since remained a possession of the reigning house of Austria.
Ecclesiastically, this territory was from the begin- ning under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Aqui- leia. The fact that the patriarchs for the most part resided at Udine on Venetian land, while the patri- archal cathedral was situated at Aquileia on Gorz ter- ritory, caused constant friction with Venice. Accord- ingly, in 1560 Emperor Fertlinand I agitated at Rome the question of establishing an independent bishopric at Gorz, an attempt which was rejieated many times during the following centuries, but fruitlessly until at last Benedict XIV, yielding to Austrian urgency and overriding the claim of the Republic of Venice to the Austrian part of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, estab- lished a separate vicariate Apostolic with residence at Gorz (29 Nov., 1749). On 6 June, 1751, the patri- archate was definitively suppressed and replaced by two archbishoprics (18 April, 1752), those of LTdine and Gorz, the latter having as suffragans Trent, Triest, Como, and Pedena. The vicar Apostolic, Karl Michael, Count von Attems, was appointed first Arch- bishop of GiJrz, and in 1766 was raised to the dignity of a prince. After his death (1774) came Rudolf, Count of Edling, who was, however, deposed by Emijeror Joseph II in 1784 for his opi)Osition to the imperial patent of tolerance of 13 October of that year, and died in 1803 at Lodi. On 8 March, 1787, the em- peror raised the Diocese of Laibach to the rank of an archdiocese, and on 20 August, 178S, in place of Gorz established a new diocese in the adjacent province of Gradiska. Pius VI gave his sanction to the new ar- rangement on the condition that Gradiska should be regarded only as a co-episcopal seat (with Gorz) ; by his Bull "Recti prudentisque consilii" of 12 Septem- ber, 1797, however, he transferred the episcopal see and chapter back to Gcirz, and ordained that in future the bishop should bear both titles, Gorz and Gradiska. By the Bull of 19 August, 1807, Pius VII reiluced Lai- bach to the rank of a simple liishopric, and ijlaced it with Gorz and Triest under the immeiliate jvirisdiction
