GRADUAL
71 S
GRAHAM
the AUeluiatic verse, and the ohoir the last Alleluia.
Or, all Alleluias are sung by the cantors, the choir only
joining in the neuni. Similar arrangements may be
made easily for the Tract or the great Alleluia in
Eastertide. Normally it is all sung to plain-song and,
now that we have the Vatican edition, to the form in
that book. But there is no law about this, and the
Gradual may be sung to any figured music that satis-
fies the principles of the "Motu Proprio" of 22 Nov.,
190.'J. There is a u.seful arrangement of all Propers of
the Mass in simple figured music by Tozer (New York,
2 vols., 1900) against which the only objection is that
the composer has ignored the jubilus at the end of the
Alleluia.
V. Gr.\dual-Book. — The name Gradual (Graduale Romanum) is also used for the book that contains the music sung by the choir at Mass. The name comes from this most important chant, but the book con- tains the plain-song music for the Ordinary (this part is also published alone with the title Ordinarium Missce or Kyriale) and all the Propers for the year. This book is one of the three parts of the old Roman Anti- phonarium. Originally all the chants of the choir were contained in that. But by the ninth century it was already divided into three, the Graduale or Cantatorium for Mass, and the Responsiale and Anti- phonnrium (in a stricter sense) for the Office (Amala- rius of Metz, De Ordine Antiphonarii, P.L., XCIX, in prolog.). The history of the book forms part of that of the development of plain-song. An authentic edition (the Medictea) was issued at Rome in 1014. It is now supplanted by the Vatican edition (190S), of which reproductions are being issued by various publishers.
Among the medieval writers see especially Ddrandus. Ra- tionale divinorum Offlciorum, IV, 19-21 : Gihr, Das heilige Mess- ovfer (6th ed., Freihurg im Br., 1897), 408-427; Duchesne, Origines du Culte chrelim (2nd ed., Paris, 1S98), 107-8. 161-3; Atchley, Ordo Romanus primus (London, 190.5), 73-9; Nikel, Geschichte der kalholischen Kirchenmusik (Breslau, 1908), I, 83 sqq., and passim.
Adrian Fortescue.
Gradual Psalms, — Fifteen psalms, viz. Pss. 119- 1.33 (in Hebrew 120-134), bear the inscription in He- brew ni^VDH TB"; Ps. 120 (121) has niijVD!5, in the Vulgate canticum graduum, which is translated in the Douay Version as "a gradual canticle". The Auth- orized Version calls them " songs of degrees " ; the Re- vised Version, "songs of ascents". Of the various conjectural e.xplanations, the most probable regards them as psalms recited when going up to the annual festivals in Jerusalem, pilgrim-songs (see Psalms). The days on which the (jradual psalms were formerly recited are still indicated in the Roman Breviary, but the obligation of reciting them was removed by St. Pius V.
John Corbett.
Gradwell, Robert, Bishop; b. at Clifton-in-the- Fylde, Lancashire, 20 Jan., 1777; d. in London, 15 March, 1833; went to Douai inl791. The college being suppressed by the French revolutionists, he was con- fined for some time, and was not allowed to return to England till 1795. With most of the Douai refugees, he went to Crook Hall, Durham, where he was or- dained priest in 1802. He taught poetry and rhetoric for seven years at Crook Hall, and at the new college at Ushaw. About this time, Pius VII decided to reopen the English College at Rome, and on Dr. Lin- gard's recommendation, Ciradwell was appointed rec- tor (1818). Under his prudent administration the es- tablishment flourished exceedingly. He also acted as Roman agent for the English vicars Apostolic, exhibits ing tact and diplomacy in this office. In 1821 the pope made him a doctor of divinity. In 1828 he was consecrated Bishop of Lydda, as coadjutor to Bishop Bramston, the vicar Apostolic of the London district, and he came to London soon afterwards to take up his
new duties. His engaging personality soon endeared
him to both clergy and people. Had he lived longer,
he might have been one of the most eminent of Eng-
lish bishops, but unfortunately liis constitution, un-
dermined by the Roman summers, was unable to with-
stand the rigours of the English climate. After some
years of ill-health, he died of dropsy. His writings in-
clude: "A Dissertation on the Fable of Papal Anti-
christs" (London, 1816); "A Winter Evening Dia-
logue .... or. Thoughts on the Rule of Faith"
(London, 1816); and various journals, letters, and
MSS. in connexion with his residence in Rome; his
notes on the old archives of the English College there
are of some historical interest; all are in the Westmin-
ster archidiocesan archives.
Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Petre, Notices of English College.^; Liverpool Alma- nac, 188.5; Brady, Episcopal Succession, iii, 197; Whittle, Preston, ii, 284; Gentleman's Magazine, GUI, 378, 652; Laity's Directory.
C. F. Wemyss Brown.
Graffiti, the term in common usage among ar- cha'ologists to designate a class of rude inscriptions scratched on the walls of ancient monuments, gener- ally sepulchral, as distinguished from the formal in- scriptions engraved on the tombs of the deceased. The inscriptions of this order traced by pilgrims, be- tween the fourth and ninth centuries, on the walls of the galleries, proved invaluable to De Rossi and Later archieologists in their explorations of the Roman cata- combs. At an early stage in his career De Rossi realized the importance of these graffiti. Their ab- sence from the walls of a gallery signified that there was nothing of importance in the vicinity, whereas, on the other hand, their presence meant that the ex- plorer was in the immediate neighbourhood of an im- portant crypt or other sepulchral monument which once contained the relics of a martyr. Here it was that a pious pilgrim of old, before leaving the vener- ated tomb, would take advantage of the occasion to scratch on the adjoining wall his name, with .some- times the date of his visit, or a pious exclamation or prayer to the saint, as, e. g., that near the papal crypt of the catacomb of St. Callistus: "Sancte Suste in mente habeas in orationes tuas Aureliu Repentinu" (Saint Sixtus, remember in thy prayers Aurelius Re- pentinus). Outside the catacombs the famous carica- ture of the Crucifixion found in the imperial palace on the Palatine is accompanied by a graffito stating that the (supposed) Christian page, Alexamenos, is adoring his God, while, in a chamber adjoining, a second in- scription of the same class proclaims Alexamenos a Christian { Ale.Tamen.os fidelis). In 1897 some Chris- tian graffiti were discovered on the columns of the temple of Antoninus and Faustina, intermingled with pagan inscriptions of the third and fourth century. The great necropolis of the oasis in the Libyan desert also contains a number of interesting Christian graffiti (Kaufmann, Handbuch der christl. Arch., 256). Graf- fiti are also found on ancient Christian altars of the fifth and later centuries (Le Blant, Inscriptions Chr<5tiennes de la Gaule).
Kaufmann, Handbuch der christlichen Archdologie (Pader- born, 1905); Leclercq, Manuel d'archcologie chrHienne (Paris, 1907); Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea (London, 1878).
Maurice M. Hassett. Grafton. See Lismore (Australia), Diocese of. Graham, Charle.s. See Plymouth, Diocese of.
Graham, Patrick, first Archbishop of St. Andrews and Metropolitan of Scotland, date of birth uncertain; d. 1478. He was a son of Mary, younger daughter of Robert III, by her third husband, Sir William (Iraliam of Kincardine, ancestor of the dukes of Montrose. He was educated at the University of St. Andrews, where, in 1457, he held the position of dean of the Faculty of Arts. In 1463 he became Bishop of Brechin. In
