HARRISBURG
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HARROWING
wife, a cultured Canadian Catholic (the Mary BuUard
of "Gabriel Tolliver "), to whom he credited his men-
tal growth and the best that was in him, had long
convinced him of Catholic truth. But a sensitive
modesty that shunned notoriety and crowds, and
confined him to the society of his family, restrained
him from seeking baptism till 20 June, 1908, a few
weeks Ijcfore his ileath. He died with the sole regret
that he hail so long deferred his entrance into the
Catholic Church. The universal tribute paid him
showed that he had grown into the heart not only of
the South, but of the nation. Atlanta has purchased
his residence, "The Wren's Nest", and his "Snap-
bean Farm" to transform them into "Uncle Remus
Park " as a nionimient to his memory.
The Mfssf-nr/rr (Si'[it., 1908): Uncle Remus Home Magazine (1906-11)0!)) : The World's Best Literature; Dictionary of A merican Authors, ed. Adam.s; American Authors, ed. Foley. See also Literarji Digest; Current Literature; Atlanta Constitution; Georgian Journal; Macon Telegraph; Savannah News, all for July, 1908.
Michael Kenny.
Harrisburg, Diocese of (Harrisburgensis), establi-shed 1S68, comprises the Counties of Dauphin, Lebanon, Lancaster, York, Adams, Franklin, Cum- berland, Perry, Juniata, Mifflin, Snyder, Northumber- land, Union, Montour, and Columbia, in the State of Pennsylvania, U. S. A., an area of SOOO square miles. Lycoming and Center Counties were also included within its original boundaries, biit the two were taken from it in 1901, when the Diocese of Altoona was formed. In 186S the boundaries of the Diocese of Philadelphia were curtailed for the third time by the creation of the Dioceses of Harrisburg, Seranton, and Wilmington. There were then within the Har- risburg limits a Catholic population estimated at 25,000, for whose care there were only a score or so of priests and about as many churches and chapels.
As first bishop the Rev. Jeremiah F. Shanahan was consecrated 12 July, 186S. He was the head of the preparatory seminary at Philadelphia when he was selected to govern the new diocese: he was born 13 July, 1834, at Silver Lake, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, and ordained priest 3 July, 1859. Progress was slow, as the people were poor. Bishop Shanahan died 24 Sept., 1886, at Harrisburg. Thomas McGovern, the second bishop, was born in 1S32 at Swanlinbar, Co. Cavan, Irelaml, and ordained priest 27 December, 1861, at Philadelphia. He was consecrated at Harrisburg, 11 March, 1888, and died there, 25 July, 189S. After his death an adminis- trator had charge of the diocese for nearly a year. At that time the churches had increased to fifty and the priests to fifty-five. John Walter Shanahan, third bishop, and a brother of the first incumbent of the see, was consecrated 1 May, 1899. Born in Sus- quehanna County, Pennsylvania, in 1S46, he was or- dained, 2 January, 1869, and when appointed bishop was superintendent of schools at Philadelphia.
Statistics. — Religious in the diocese include Francis- cans and Fathers of the Holy Ghost; Sisters of Mercy, Sister-Servants of the Immaculate Heart, Sisters of St. Joseph, of the Blessed Sacrament, of Notre Dame, of the Holy Cross, of Charity (Emmitsburg, Maryland; and Mount-Saint-Vincent-on-Hudson), of Christian Charity, of the Third Order of St. Francis, of St. Francis, O.M.C., Felician Sisters, O.S.F. Priests number 86 (6 regulars), ecclesiastical students, 24; churches with resident priests, 63, missions, 15; parish schools, 36; pupils, 8000; orphan asylums, 2, inmates, 110; hospitals, 2; Catholic population, 57,000. The mining regions have attracted Poles, vSlavs, Austrians, Italians, Greeks, and Lithuanians, for whom separate congregations are provided with priests of their own nationalities.
Catholic Directory (1909): The Catholic (Pittsburg); The Catholic Slanrlard and T'j'me.s (Philadelphia), files; Reoss, Biog. Cycl. Cath. Hierarchy of V. S. (Milwaukee. 1898).
Thomas F. Meehan.
Harrison, Jame.s, priest and martyr; b. in the
Diocese of Lichfield, England, date unknown; d. at
York, 22 March, 1602. He studied at the English
College at Reims, and was ordained there in Septem-
ber, 1583. In the following year he went on the
English mission, where he laboured unobtrusively.
In the early part of 1602 he was ministering to Catho-
lics in Yorkshire and was resident in the house of a
gentleman of the name of Anthony Battle (or Bates).
While there, he was arrested by the pursuivants, and
together with Battle was tried at York and sentenced
to death for high treason. The only charge against
Harrison was that he performed the functions of a
priest, and that against Battle was merely that he had
entertained Harrison. The judge left York without
fixing the date of execution, but Harrison was unex-
pectedly informed on the evening of 21 March that he
was to die the next morning. With Battle, he was
hanged, drawn, and quartered. The English Fran-
ciscans at Douai had his head as a relic for many
years.
GiLLOw. Bihl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Challoner, Memoirs, I; Douay Diaries; Dodd-Tierney, Church History, II.
(3. F. Wemyss Brown.
Harrison, Willi.vm, third and last archpriest of England; b. in Derbyshire in 1553; d. 11 May, 1621. He was educated at Douai (1575-77). He went to Rome as a deacon and, after his ordination, took the mission oath at the newly founded English College (23 April, 1.579). He laboured in England from 1581 to 1587, when he went to study civil and canon law at Paris. Early in 1591 he undertook the direction of the small school founded by Father Persons, S.J., at Eu in Normandy. When this school was broken up by war, in 1593, he went back to Reims as procurator to the English College and, having returned to Douai when the college was restoretl there, took his doctor- ate in divinity, in 1597, in that univen-iity, and was professor of theology at the English College until 1603. He then spent five years in Rome, where he gained wide experience in ecclesiastical affairs. In 1609 he returned to England, where, on the death of the archpriest, George Birkhead, in 1614, he was chosen to succeed him by Paul V (11 July, 1615). His policy was to restore peace between the secular clergy and the Jesuits while endeavouring to secure the independence of the former. To this end he aided Dr. Kellison, jiresident of Douai, in lessening the influence of the Jesuits there. He also aimed at restoring episcopal government in England. His in- fluence ultimately secured this, though he himself died just as his envoy was setting out for Rome.
DoDD, Church History (Brussels, 1730-42): Serjeant, Ac- count of the Chapter, ed. Turnbull (London, 1S5.3): Bering- ton. Memoirs of Panzani (London, 1793): Butler, Hist. Memoirs of English Catholics (London, 1819-22) : Knox, Douny Diaries (London, 1878); Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.
Edwin Burton.
Harrowing of Hell. — This is the Old English and Middle English term for the triimiphant descent of Christ into hell (or Hades) between the time of His Crucifixion and His Resurrection, when, according to Christian belief. He brought salvation to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world. Ac- cording to the "New English Dictionary" the word Harrowing in the above connexion first occurs in ^Ifric's homilies, about a. d. 1000; but. long before this, the descent into hell had been related in the Old English poems connected with the name of Ciedmon and Cynewulf. Writers of Old English prose homi- lies and lives of saints continually employ the subject, but it is in medieval English literature that it is most fully found, both in prose and verse, and particularly in the drama. Art and literature all through Europe had from early times embodied in many forms the Descent into Hell, and specimens of plays upon this
