HERBST
251
HERDER
Cuthbert died on Holy Island. It is said that the
remains of St. Herbert's chapel and cell may still be
traced at the northern end of the island on which he
lived. la 1.374 Thomas Appleby, Bishop of Carlisle,
granted an indulgence of forty day.s to all who, in
honour of St. Herbert, visited the island in Derwent-
water and were present at the Mass of St. Cuthbert
to be sung annually by the Vicar of Crosthwaite.
Acta SS.. 20 .March, III, 110, 123, 142-43; Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, IV, xxix, in Alon. //?>^ Brit., 245; R.^ine, Saint Cuthbert (Durham, 1828), 32-33; Raine in Diet. Christ. Biog. s. v.; Sta.vton, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1S87), 127-8.
Leslie A. St. L. Toke.
Herbst, Johann Georg, b. at Rottweil, in Wiir- temberg, 13 January, 1787; d. 31 July, 1836. His college course, Ijegun in the gJ^nnasium of his native city, was pursued in the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter in the Black Forest, and in 1806 Herbst regis- tered at the University of Freiburg. After some time spent in completing his mathematical and philo- sophical studies, he devoted his talents to mastering Oriental languages and Biblical science under the tutorship of Johann Leonard Hug. From the uni- versity Herbst went, in ISll, to the seminary of Meersburg, to prepare himself for Holy orders, and was ordained to the priesthood in March, 1812. Called at once to the seminary of Ellwangen to dis- charge the office of repetent, he at the same time ac- cepted the chair of Hebrew and Arabic at the newly- erected University of Ellwangen, and, two years later, was promoted to the professorship of Oriental lan- guages and Old Testament exegesis. In 1817 the theological faculty of Ellwangen was transferred to Tubingen, and there, in addition to the courses already entrusted to him, Herbst taught introduction to the Holy Scriptures and Biblical archieology; he also oc- casionally was prevailed upon to lecture on New- Testament exegesis, church history, and pastoral theology. Those were heroic times for the young faculty of theology, which, with such men as Sebas- tian Drey, J. B. Hirscher, and Mohler on its staff, and pupils of the stamp of J. C. Hefele, was rapidly win- ning a conspicuous place in the realm of scholarship.
What the intellectual activity of Herbst was amidst his manifold occupations as a professor, may be gath- ered from his works. His first publication was a volume entitled: " Observationes quiedam de Penta- teuchi quatuor libronua posteriorum auctore et edi- tore" (Graiind, 1817). From the foundation, in 1819, of the Tubingen "Theol. Quartalschrift", he was a steady contributor thereto; but his principal work, left unfinished, and perhaps slightly tainted by the then prevalent tendencies to rationalism, is an intro- duction to the Old Testament, which was completed and edited by his pupil Welte (1841-44). In 1832 Herbst was appointed head librarian of the Royal University; but through overwork his health soon failed, and he died after a short sickness borne with admirable resignation. A remarkable linguist, thoroughly conversant with the vast literature of his favourite studies, endowed with true critical acumen, Herbst possessed, moreover, in a high degree, the gift of imparting his knowledge in a most clear, at- tractive, and appealing manner.
Theol. Quarlnhchrifl (Tubingen. 1836), 767; Fhitz in Kirch- enler., s. v.; Rijckg.\ber, Gcschichte der Frei- und Reichstadt Rottweil (Rottweil, 1835).
Charles L. Souvat.
Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alejandro, b. at Lisbon, 28 March, 1810: d. near Santarem, 13 Sept., 1877. Because of his liberal principles, he was forced to flee from his native land during the despotic times of Dom Miguel, and therefore he was in Paris in 1828, and during 1830 and 1831 in England. When he returned home, in 1832, he was already imbued with the doctrines of romanticism which Almeida
Garrett preached so loudly in Portugal, and which he
had seen exemplified in the literatures of England and
France. Prominent already as a liberal in politics, he
now attracted attention by his poetical work, such as
the "Voz do Propheta" (1836), which reflects the
influence of Lamennais' "Paroles d'un croyant", and
dealt in rhj-thmical prose with the future of Portugal
in the Harpa do Crente" (Lisbon, 1838), which also
testified to the robustness of his Catholic Faith. He
entered into journalism also with the periodical " O
Panorama " (1837), which he himself founded and con-
ducted. As a romanticist, he now started upon his
career as an historical novelist, with his " Monasticon ",
of which the first part, " Eurico o Presbj-tero ", ap-
peared in 1844, and the sequel, "O Monge de Cister ,
in 1848. With these stories, of which the second has
its scene laid in the reign of John I of Portugal, he
really naturalized the historical novel in Portuguese.
He continued the tradition with his story "O Bobo",
which turns upon events in Portuguese history of the
early twelfth century, and in liis "Lendas e Narra-
tivas" (1S51). In this latter he gave modern form to
some old legends, such as "A dama Pe-de-Cabra ",
"O bispo negro", "O morte do Lidador", etc. To
the period from 1846 to 1853 belongs his " Historia
de Portugal " (4 vols.), which stops short with events
of the end of the thirteenth century. Before retiring
to his place near Santarem, he produced still other
historical works, especially " Da origem e estabeleci-
mento da inquisi(jao em Portugal" (2 vols., Lisbon,
1854-55) ; afterwards he wTote the essays and treatises
contained in collected form in his "Opusculos" (6
vols., 1873-84). To his patience as an historical in-
vestigator he bears testimony with the collection of
documents drawn from the national archives, which
he, as a member of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences,
published (Portugallis Monumenta Historica).
De Serpa Pimentel, Herculano e o seu tempo (Lisbon, 1881): VON Dollixger, Gedachtnisrede auf A. Herculano in his Aka- demische Vortragc; Romero Ortiz. La litcratura portuguesa en el siglo AV.Y (Madrid, 1S70); de Vasconcellos, Porlugiesische Litteratur in Groeber, Grundriss der romaniscken Philologie, vol. II, pt. 11, pp. 3i2 sqq.
J. D. M. Ford.
Herder, the name of a German firm of publishers and booksellers.
B.4.RTHOLOM.\ us Herder, founderof the present pub- lishing firm, b. at the Swabian free-town of Rottweil on the Neckar, 22 August, 1774; d. at Freiburg im Breisgau, 11 March, 1839. Originally destined for Holy orders, he was elaborating, while yet a student at the abbey school of St. Blasien and at the Uni- versity of Dillingen, his plan of "gaining his hvelihood by the dis.semination of good books" as a "scholarly publisher". In 1801, during the turbulent period prior to the dissolution of the old German Empire, he began his career, at the instance of the Prince-Bishop (soon afterwards Prince Primate) Karl Theodor von Dalberg, in the capacity of "publisher to the princely episcopal court of Constance ", at Meersburg on the Lake of Constance, the episcopal residence and seat of a seminary. Among his first publications, which were mainly of a theological and pedagogic character, we find Wessenberg's "Archiv fiir pastorale Con- ferenzen in den Landkapiteln des Bisthums Constanz " (1802-27). In 1810 Bartholomaus tran.sferred his busi- ness to Freiburg im Breisgau, where, in close connex- ion with the university, he gave a more comprehensive character to liis publications and developed his mis- cellaneous stock in new directions. One of his most important publications was Karl von Rotteck's "All- gomeine Geschichte vom Anfang der historischen Kenntniss bis auf unscre Zeiten" (9 vols., 1812-27; the 15th edition being issued by another firm), which for more than a generation was "the gospel of the educated liberal middle classes". Being entrusted with the publication of the official war bulletin, the
