HYPOCRISY
610
HYPOSTATIC
apart from all extraneous considerations. Taking up
the latest teachings of Rome, Canon Moureau, of Lille,
writes: "Hypnotism is tolerated, in theory and in
practice, to the exclusion of phenomena which would
certainly be preternatural." This is the opinion of
most theologians, and it is the utterance of reason.
After the spiritual, the civil authority was concerned at the accidents resulting from the use of hypnotism, and has sought to regulate the practice and prevent its abuses. The task was not an easy one, and the French Government has found it above its powers to effect. Some efforts have been made in other coun- tries, but without result or harmony of opinion. In Austria, Italy, and Belgium, in consequence of serious complaints, the police have forbidden public stances. In Denmark and Germany they have done better: laws have been passed making the diploma of Doctor of Medicine a necessary condition for the practice of hypnotism. These are excellent measures, but they do not provide for the possible malpractices of a dis- honest or avaricious physician. There is no solid basis of duty except in the conscience, and of this the civil law cannot take cognizance. Many of the United States have proscribed hypnotism under the severest penalties, but even there no uniform and efficacious legislation exists. Public opinion demands of the various nations some concerted action to put a stop to the crying abuses of hypnotism, but a respect for human liberty and human conscience will never be secured except by the observance of religious morality. Meanwhile the scientific world contemplates with interest the phenomena of hypnotism, though it is evident that those phenomena move always in the same narrow circle. It cannot be denied that they have lost much of their novelty and their vogue. Philosophers confess that psychology has derived but httle illumination from hypnotism, and physicians recognize that, from a therapeutic view-point, sug- gestion is almost void of results. In the hospitals the practice of hypnotic methods is manifestly on the decline. It is regarded rather as a source of social amusement, a game attended with some risk, than as a clinic process. The masters of the art themselves rarely employ it, and the successors of Charcot at the Salpetriere tend more and more to have recourse only to "waking suggestion", a surer and less dangerous means of obtaining the same results.
Genera! and theoretical : — Dessoir, Bibliographic d. modemen Hypnotismus (Berlin. ISSS, 1S90); Baldwin, Did. of Philos- ophy and Psychology (New York, 1905), III; Fahia, De la cause du sommcillucidc (Pa.ris, 1819); Bertrand, Traitc du somnarn- bvlisme (Paris. 182;i); Braid, Ncurhypnolooy (London. lS4:i); FisciiER. Dcr sog. Lcbcnsmagnetismwt odcr Hypnotismus (Mainz, 188:i); CuLLERUE, Magnctismc el hypnotisme (Paris, 1885); Lafontaine, L'art de magmtiscr (Paris, 1847; 6th ed., 1886); BiNET AND Ffcnfe, Animal Magnetism (tr. New York, 1888); BjORNSTROM, Hypnotism (tr. New York, 1889); Delbceuf, Le magni'tisme animal (Paris. 1889): Janet, Uautomatisme psy- chologique (Paris, 1889, 1899): LifcBADLT. Le sommeil provoqm- (Paris, 1889); Charcot. tFurrcs, IX (P.aris, 189S); Kraft- Ebing, Eine cxpcrimcntcUc Stiidic. etr. (Stuttgart, 1893): Moll, Der Hypnotismus (Berlin. LSsy; tr. New York, 1893); Ddrand, Le mcrveillcujr scicnIifiQue (Paris, 1894): Effertz, Studien u. Hysteric, Hypnotismus, Suggestion (Bonn, 1894); Haas, Ueber Hypnotismus u. •Suggestion (Augsbure, 1894); Greoory, Ani- mal Magnetism (4th ed., London, 1896); Sidi.s, The Psychology of Suggeslion (New York. 1898): .Iastrow, Fact and Fable in Psi/chologi/ (New York, 1901): Forel, Dcr Hypnotismus (5th ed.. StuttRart, 1907).
Legal jvjpect: — Ladame, Vhypnotisme et la mi'decinc legale (Paris. 1.S81); LifecEOis, Dc la suggestion hypnotique dans scs rapports aver le droit civil et Ic droit criminel (Paris. 1884) : Idem, Dc la suggestion et du somnamhulisme dans leurs rapports arcc la jurisprudence et In medecine ligale (ParLs, 1888); du Phel, Das hypnotischc Vcrbrcchcn u. seine Entdeekung (Munich, 1889); Cams, The Dangers of Hypnotism in Open Court, 1\' (Chicago, 1890); Crocq. L'hypnotisme et le crime (Brussels, 1894); Bell, Hypnotism and the Law in Alienist and Neurologist, XVI (1895) ; Dawson, Hypnotism and its scientific and forensic aspects in .4r<mo, XVIII (1.897).
Medical : — Auvard and Secheyron. Hypnotisme et suggestion en obstHriquf in Arch, dc tocologie. XV (ParLs, 1888): DELRCEiTr. De Vftendue de Vaetion curative de Vhypnotisme (Paris, 1890); Telkin, Hypnotism or psycho-theropcuJies (Edinhurgh. 1890): TurKET. Psycho-therapeutirs or treatment of hypnotism and sug- gestion (3rd ed., London. 1891): Idem, The value of hypnotism in chronic alcoholism (London, 1892); Cocke, The value of hypno-
tism in surgery in .4rma, X (1894); Kiernan, Hypnotism <n
Americam psychiatry in Amer. J. of Insanity, LI (1895); Wet-
TERSTRAND. Dcr H ypnotismus u. seine Anwendung in der prak'
tischen Medicin (Vienna. 1891; tr. New York, 1897).
Catholic authors; — Franco, Uipnotismo toenato di moda (Prato, 1887); MfiRlc, Le merveilleux et la science (Paris, 1888); Lelong, La veritf: sur Vhypnotisme in Ann.de philosophic chre- tienne, XXI (Paris, 1889); Schneider, L'hypnotismc (Paris, 1894); CocoNNlER. LVii/pnoh'smc/ranc (Paris. 1897): Lapponi, Ipnotismo e Spiriltsmo (2nd ed., Rome, 1906): O'Malley and Walsh. Essays in Pastoral Medicine (New York, 1907) ; Masoin, Les dangers du magnctismc in Bulletin de VAcad. royale de Mede- cine de Belgique (1888) ; Idem, Etude sur le magnctismc animal in Revue des Quest, scientifiques (1890); Gasquet in Dublin Bev., CVIII (1891): Hollaind, Physiological and Moral Aspects of H. in Am. Eccl. Rev., XII, 25, 123; Surbled, Spiritualismc et Spiritisme (Paris, 1898); Idem, La morale dans ses rapports avec la medecine et Vhygiinc, W (Paris, 1891); Idem. Le sous-moi (Paris, 1907); Idem, Pour ou eontre Vhypnotisme (Paris. 1.898); Idem, Vhypnotisme guerisseur in Science Catholiaue (15 May, 1903).
Georges Surbled.
Hypocrisy (Gr. vir6, under, and KplvcaBai, to contend — hence adequately "to answer" on the stage, "to play a part", " to feign or pretend ") is the pretension to qualities which one does not possess, or, more cognately to the scope of this article, the putting forward of a false appearance of virtue or religion. Essentially its malice is identical with that of lying; in both cases there is discordance between what a man has in his mind and the simultaneous manifesta- tion of himself. So far as the morality of the act goes, it is unimportant that this difference between the interior and the e.xterior be set out in words, as hap- pens in formal lies, or be acted out in one's demeanour, as is true of simulation. It is deserving of notice that the mere concealment of one's own sin, unless one be interrogated by legitimate authoritv, is not straights way to be accounted hypocrisy. W'ith the purpose of measuring the degree of sinfulness attributable to this vice, St. Thomas Aquinas teaches that we must carefully differentiate its two elements: the want of goodness, and the pretence of having it. If a person be so minded as definitely to intend both things, it is of course obvious that he is guilty of grievous sin, for that is only another way of saying that a man lacks the indispensable righteousness which makes him pleasing in the sight of God. If, however, the hypo- crite be occupied rather with successfully enacting the role he has assumed, then, even though he bo in mortal sin at the time, it will not always follow that the act of counterfeiting is itself a mortal sin. To determine when it is so, cognizance must be taken of the motive which prompts the sinner to adopt his hypocritical bearing. If the end he has in view be such as to be incompatible with the love of God or one's neighbour, for example, if his purpose were thus to spread abroad false doctrine more unimpededly and more thor- oughly, he must clearly be considered to have com- mitcd mortal sin. When, on the other hand, his animus does not involve such opposition to the su- preme law of charity, the sin is esteemed to be venial, as, for instance, when one finds .-satisfaction in the com- pleteness with which he carries off his part. The portrait of hypocrisy is drawn with appalling vivid- ness by Christ in His denunciation of the Pharisees in Matt., xxiii: "Woe to you .scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites; because you tithe mint, and anise, and cummin, and have left the weightier things of the law; judgment, and mercy, and faith. These things you ought to have done, and not to leave those undone. Blind guides, who .strain out a gnat, and swallow a camel" (vv. 2.3, 24).
Rickaby, Aquinas Bthims (London, 1898); Slater, A Manual of Moral Theology (New York, 1908); Ballerini, Opus Theologimm Morale (Prato, 1898).
Joseph F. Delany.
Hypostasis. See Person.
Hypostatic Union, a theological term used with reference to the Incarnation to express the revealed truth that in Christ one person subsists in two natures,
