INDIA
730
INDIA
which must be made in order to liring the figures into
relation with the Government census of India. Tiie
following estimate of the Catholic population has
been compiled from the "Madras Catholic Directory "
for 1909, eked out in a few instances from other
sources.
Catho-
Province, Diocese, etc.
Predominant Clergy
lic
Popula-
tion
Province of Agra: —
Archdiocese of Agra
Italian Capuchins
9422
Diocese of Allahabad
Italian Capuchins
7600
Diocese of Lahore
Belgian Capuchins
5700
Prefecture A. of Rajpu-
tana
French Capuchins
3S49
Prefecture A. of Bettiah
Tyrolese Capuchins
36.13
Prefecture A. of Kash-
mir
St. Joseph's, Mill Hill
5000
Province of Calctttta: —
Archdiocese of Calcutta
Belgian Jesuits
86.775
Diocese of Krishnagar
Foreign Missions of Milan
5535
Diocese of Dacca
Cong, of the Holy Cross
11.150
Prefecture A. of Assam
Soc. of Our Divine Saviour
2500
Province of Bombay: —
Archdiocese of Bombay
German Jesuita
19.979
Diocese of Poona
German Jesuits
15.487
Diocese of Trichinopoly
French Jesuits
245.255
Diocese of Mangalore
Italian Jesuits
93.028
Province of Madras: —
Archdiocese of Madras
Mill Hill and Seculars
49.290
Diocese of Hyderabad
Foreign Missions of Milan
14.752
Diocese of Vjzagapatam
Cong, of S. Francis of Sales
14.169
Diocese of Nagpur
Cong, of S. Francis of Sales
12,820
Province of Goa: —
Archdiocese of Goa
Secular Clergy
335,031
Diocese of DamSo
Secular Clergy
72.002
Diocese of Cochin
Secular Clergy
97.259
Diocese of S. Thom^ (My-
lapur)
Secular Clergy
74.665
Province of Pondicherry: —
Archdiocese of Pondi-
cherry
Foreign Missions of Paris
143.125
Diocese of Mysore
Foreign Missions of Paris
46.708
Diocese of Coimbatore
Foreign Missions of Paris
3S.731
Diocese of Kumbakonam
Foreign Missions of Paris
8S.054
Diocese of Malacca
Foreign Missions of Paris
26.000
Province of Verapoly: —
Archdiocese of Verapoly
Spanish Carmelites
71.142
Diocese of Quilon
Belgian Carmelites
116.090
Vicariate A. of Eraakulam
Secular Priests
93.011
Vicariate A. of Trichur
Secular Priests
91,998
Vicariate A. of Changa-
nacherry
Secular Priests
140.272
Province of Ceylon: —
Archdiocese of Colombo
Oblates of Mary Immacu-
late
205.521
Diocese of Jaffna
Oblates of Mary Immacu-
late
45.500
Diocese of Kandy
Benedictines
27,938
Diocese of Galle
French Jesuits
10.160
Diocese of Trincomalee
Belgian Jesuits
8753
The Vicariates of Burma: —
North Burma
Foreign Missions of Paris
7717
South Burma
Foreign Missions of Paris
4S.525
East Burma
Foreign Missions of Milan
13,000
Totalfor the whole group, 2,407,146
The following notes will elucidate the table: —
(1) Province of Goa. — In the Archdiocese of Goa
299,628 belong to Portuguese territory and 3.5,40.3
to British territory. In the Diocese of Damao 2,21.3
belong to Portuguese territory and G9,7.S9 to British
territory. Out of these latter, 20,419 are Goanese
living in Bombay island, vmder the personal and not
territorial jurisdiction of Damao. The suffragan
sees of Cochin and Mylapur are entirely in British
territory. The more remote suffragan sees in Africa
and the Far East are omitted from the list. (2) Prov-
ince of Pondicherry. — In the Archdiocese of Pondi-
cherry 25,859 belong to French territory and 117,266
to British territory. The suffragan sees are all in
British India except Malacca, which is altogether
outside India. (3) Province of Verapoly. — The three
Vicariates of Ernakulam.Changanacherry , and Trichur
consist of Catholics of the Syrian Rite, with a total of
325,281 (Thomas Christians). By subtracting the
figures for French India, Portuguese India, Malacca,
and Ceylon, and separating off the Syrian vicariates,
the total results for the Indian Empire (including
Burma) for the year 1908 are as follows: — Latin Cath-
olics 1,439,066; Syrian Catholics 325,281. A com-
parison with the census of 1901 reveals an increa.se of
190,32.5 Latin Cathohcs, and 2695 Syrian Catholics—
which is probably a fair estimate of progress during
the last eight years. As far as older statistics can be
obtained for purposes of comparison, the total number
of Catholics m British India (not including Burma or
Ceylon) in 1857 was 801,8.58. In 1.S85 they had risen
to 1,030,100, and in 1905 to 1,582,1,86.
Double Jurisdiction .^One of the peculiarities of ecclesiastical India, though not unknown in other parts of the Church, is the existence in certain places of what is popularly known as a 'double jurisdiction." The historical explanation lies in the fact that when the jurisdiction conflict was brought to a close in 1S86, the Padroado sphere of influence was not restricted to Portuguese territory, but allowed to remain in many parts of British India where the Padroado clergy were m actual possession. In the first place the See of Goa was allowed to retain a consideraljlc part of the coast country north and south of Goa; while the two ancient Sees of Cochin and Mylapur and the newly erected See of Damao were all three totally in British territory. But it happened that in the case of Mylapur there existed certain widely scattered and isolated parishes which were actually under Portuguese clerical administration, and these were retained as exempted churches in the midst of Propa- ganda territory. Thus to the Bishop of Mylapur belong no fewer than fifteen separate churches scat- tered over the Diocese of Trichinopoly, with others in Madras, Calcutta, and Dacca giving a total number of twenty-eight. In the I.sland of Salsette, near Bom- bay, which was made over to the Diocese of Damao, six churches remained attached to the Propaganda jurisdiction of Bombay. In some of these places both jurisdictions exist side by side, the one holding terri- torial sway, the other possessing exemption. In Bombay a more special arrangement was made — the archbishop under Propaganda enjoying territorial jurisdiction, while the Bishop of Damao holds personal jurisdiction over those who are Goanese by birth or otherwise connected with Padroado rule; and a certain complicated code exists for determining the jurisdiction to which individuals belong (see under Goa; Bomb.\y; Damao; St. Thomas ok Mylapur). In the .\rchdiocese of Verapoly (Malabar Coast) another form of double jurisdiction exists, this time based on a difference of rite. There the Latins are under the Archbishop of Verapoly, while the Syrian Christians (Syrians not by race but by liturgj- only) in the same territorial limits are assigned to three vicars Apostolic of the same rite.
The Catholic Clergy. — Under the Portuguese regime, the first missionary work was done by the rehgious orders. In course of time a large body of native secular clergy came into existence, some of whom strongly developed the apostolic spirit; but in general their work was to take charge of the parishes and mission-stations which had already been founded by the missionary orders. On the expulsion of the religious orders from Portuguese territory in 1834, the whole care of the faithful devolved on the secular clergy, who at present work in the Dioceses of Goa, Cochin, Mylapur, and Damao — a few being European Portuguese, and the rest natives of India. Of recent years a few Jesuits have been introduced in the parts which lie outside Portuguese territory.
Similarly the vicariates Apostolic were initiated and continued to be worked by European mission- aries of different orders and nationalities, assisted by such secular native or other priests as they were able
