KOSTKA
Gllf)
KRAPFT
the Russians. At, the second partition of Poland, he
resigned liis commission and went to live in Leipzig
He headed the aliortive revolution of Pol ind m 1704,
and was wounded and captured by the Kus i in-, il
the battle of Maciejowice, 10 Oetob( i Impii hk I
for two years, he was lil)erated
by Emperor Paul on parole and
with many marks of esteem. There-
after his life was passed in retire-
ment. In 1797 he revisited the
United States, receiving everywhere
great honour and distinction. Con-
gress voted him a grant of land and
an addition to his pension. On
his return to Europe he took up his
residence near Paris, spending his
time in agricultural pursuits. In
1806 Napoleon wished liim to join
in the invasion of Poland, Ijut lie
felt bound by his parole to Hussia
and refused. He went to live in
Switzerland in 1816, making his
home at Solothurn, where he was
killed by a fall from a horse. Hi-!
remains, by direction of the Em-
peror Alexander, were taken to
Krakow, where they were interred
with solemn pomp in the cathedral
near the tombs of Poniatowski
and Sobieski. A mound 150 feet
high, made of earth taken from
every battle-field in Poland, was
piled up in his honour in the out-
skirts of the city.
Hassard, HM. of U. S. (New York), Griffin in Am. Oath. Hist, Researches (Philadelphia, April, 1910); Michblet. Pologne ef Rustie, Ugende de Koftciuszko (Paris, 1851): Idem, Lt Pulngne rnarlyrc (1863); Falken-stein, Kosciuszko (Leip- zig, lS2r); Rychlicki, Koftciuszko an I the Partition of Poland (Kraliow, 1872>; Chodzko, Histoire militaire, politique rt privi'e de Kosciuszko (Paris, 1837).
Thomas F. Meehan. Kostka, Stanislaus. See Stan- islaus KosTKA, Saint. Kotor. See Cattabo, Diocese
OK.
Koudelka, Joseph M. See Cleveland, Diocese of.
Kovno. See Samogitia, Dio- cese OF.
Kozmian, Stanislaus and .JiiiiN, two brothers who took part in the Polish insurrection of 18:U, and subsequently fled the country. Stanislaus settled in England, studied its institutions, and strove to make both nations, England and Poland, acquainted with each other. John lived in France, was zealous in spreading Catholic ideas, and, when his wife died, became a priest. Later he went to Posen, and, as editor of M the "Posen Review", became the centre of religious and political life there; Stanislaus aided him in his work and, return- ing to Posen, became president of the Society of Friends of Science. Both were ardent Catholics, able reformers, courageous politicians, and had minds of exceptional power.
Stanislaus Ko^mian (b. in 1811; d. in 1885), when a student at Warsaw, had WTitten some poetry, very romantic but only of average worth; later, in England, he set to translating Shakespeare, a work which occu- pied him for thirty years, and was not complete at his death; he also translated poems by BjTon, Moore,
E, NUREMBE
the paintini
Southey, Shelley, Cowper, ;uiil especially the splendid
p.iss'iges iif ('■iiiipl)cll oil Pol'iiid lie was secretary to
till So(iit\ III I IK iiiK of Pol md, ind in close relation
Willi I III I Duilli \ Mil III lli^ Il in 1 iliiiiiNof bhakes-
p III lliiiiigli II itiii ill\ not |iiitiii 111 IS good as
tliii--i- III .iii\ 111 111 I I iii_ii ifje Of his
111 ir!iii d woik, till po( III best known
in Ills days was entitlid To the
\1 isters of the Word ' , iddrissed to
Mukirwici' KroMiiski, and Zaleskl
inlslii Hi I sp< oidllv worshipped
in I loMil Ki isiuski, two of whose
ks ( I he D IV of To-Dav " and
Hie Last One") first appeared as
Ko/mian's, as the author would not
iiiluiwise ha\e published them.
1 111 II success put Kozmian in a very
I ils( md painful position, which he
ill cubed in one of his poems — an
imitation of Dante's "Inferno".
•si \ ei al other poems of a patriotic
md leligious tendency are also de-
s( I M ng of notice Hio prose consists
III iiiiK of essa\s, many of which
will published togetht r in tw o vol-
iinii s uiidei the titli 1 iigl md and
I'll! mil ' The first \ iiluiiK toiitains
1 n I poi t ant intormat loi 1 1 oi t he WTiter
nil that peiiod of Polish history:
uliit the English thought, what
I III \ knew of Polmd, how far their
liiiiiilh l( (liii.^ wont, why the ma-
|iiiit\ 111 th( iiition were indifferent
to uh 't might lif 1 111 Poland, and so
on The stcmid u is interesting for
thecontempiii ii\ Polish reader, giv-
ing particulus ot English institu-
tions, life, pohtics, and literature —
111 the last lespect nothing so good
h Is since appeared in Polish But
it Is impossilile to notice separately
ill the inultituihnous shoit articles
lliathewTote; those which deal with
lilrrary criticism are especially ad-
mirable. He was a practical man
I if action, a born journalist — unpop-
ular iinlepi I, liecansp, I icing a fervent
( a I 111 il ic, he condemned conspiracies
and dill not confound re volution with
a war for independence. He lived
and died comparatively unknown.
John Koz.mian, b. in 1812; d. in 1877. As priest and author he wrote fur upwards of twenty years in the " Posen Review"; his articles have been collected in three volumes (1881). Specially noteworthy are the programme of the Review, "That she in.ay fulfil her mission, Poland /iiust lie united to the Church"; " The Two Idolatries ", i. e., Revolu- t ionism and Pansla vism ; and his last ^ essay, " Duties are permanent. " .> .n^x^nun n iirST He also wrote a great deal about RG — Adam Krafft t* i* a- • ? ■ j- /.
■ of Paul Hitter Italian aHairs and in favour of
the Temporal Power. We may also mention a controversial essay with the Jesuit F. Gagarin (a Russian convert), who maintained that the great obstacle to the conversion of the Russians is that they identify Catholicism and Poland. His literary articles are not numerous. He also wrote funeral orations. He and his brother were the first secular workers for the revival of Catholic convictions in Poland. S. Tabnowski.
Krafft, Adam, sculptor, h. about 1440 at Nurem- berg; d. Jan., 1.500, at Schwabach. He carved at
