INSTITUTE
54
INSTITUTE
ment, but it would inevitably initiate a violent retro-
gression.
Genera! works on evolution, psychology, :infl comprirntive ppvchojogy; cf. in particular Morgan. Sonn- f}<fh>>l>"fi^ ot fn- flinct in Natural Scierure (London, Ma.N . l^'i'i' I i ' /' ' ' ■'"</ Instinct (London, 1896); Idem, Anirn^rl l:,i: I : ; ti,
1900); ItiEti, Introduction to Comparaln, /' ., ' :, In !"ii. 1894);RoM.VNES, .Inimn/ Inlelliarncc (\,w \..il,. Inu.,. 1.-i.m. Mental Evolution in Animals (New York. LVJl), Ii.em. Daruin and After Daruin, I (Chicago, 1S96): Mivart, Lessons from Nature (London. 1879); Idem, Origin of Human Heason (iMn- don. 1899); Wasmann. Instinct and Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom (St. Louis. 1903); Lubbock, Ants, Bees and Wasps (New York, 1893); Grogs. Play of Animals (New York. 1898); Idem. Play of Man (New York. 1901); Baldwin in Science of 20 March and 10 April (1896); Idem, Story of the Mind (New York. 1898); Idem in Diet, of Philos. and Psychol. (New York. 1901). 3. v. Instinct and Organic Selection; Licata. Fisiologia dell' istinto (Naples. 1879); Masci, Le teorie s'dla formazione naturale delV istinto (Naples, 1893).
Thomas Edward Shields. Institute of Charity. See Rosminians.
Institute of Mary, the official title of the second congregation founded by Mary Ward (q. v.). Under this title Barbara Babthorpe, the fourth successor of Mary Ward as "chief superior", petitioned for and obtained the approbation of its rule in 1703. It is the title appended to the signatures of the first chief superiors, and mentioned in the "formula of vows" of the first members. " Englische Friiulein ", "Dame Inglese", "Loretto Nuns", are popular names for the members of the Institute in the various countries where they have established themselves. On the suppression, in 1630, of Mary Ward's first congrega- tion, styled by its opponents the " Jesuitesses " , the greater number of the members returned to the world or entered other religious orders. A certain number, however, who desired still to live in religion under the guidance of Mary Ward, were sheltered with the permission of Pope Urban VIII in the Paradeiser Haus, Munich, by the Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian I. Thence some of the younger members were trans- ferred at the pope's desire to Rome, there to live with Mary Ward and be trained by her in the religious life. Her work, therefore, was not destroyed, but recon- stituted with certain modifications of detail, such as subjection to the jurisdiction of the ordinary instead of to the Holy See immediately, as in the original scheme. It was fostered by Urban and his successors, who as late as the end of the seventeenth century granted a monthly subsidy to the Roman house. Mary Ward died in England at Heworth near York in 1645, and was succeeded as chief superior by Barbara Babthorpe, who resided at Rome as head of the "English Ladies", and on her death was buried there in the church of the English College. She was succeeded as head of the institute by Mary Pointz, the first companion of Mary Ward. The community at Heworth removed to Paris in 1650. In 1669 Frances Bedingfield, one of the constant companions of Mary Ward, was sent by Mary Pointz to found a house in England. Favoured Ijy Catherine of Bra- ganza, she established her community first in St. Martin's Lane, London, and afterwards at Hammer- smith. Thence a colony moved to Heworth, and finally in 1GS6 to the site of the present convent, Micklegate Bar, York. In addition to that at Mu- nich, two fomidations had meantime been made in Bavaria — at Augsburg in 1662, at Burghausen in 168.3.
At the opening of the eighteenth century the six houses of Munich, Aug.sburg, Rome, Burghausen, Hammersmith, and York were governed by local superiors appointed by the chief superior, who resided for the most part at Rome, and had a vicaress in Munich. Thus, for .seventy years the institute car- ried on its work, not tolerated only, but protected by the various ordinari(!s, yet without oliioial rcc( ignition till the year 1703. when at the petition of the I'lloetor Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria, Mary of Modena,
the exiled Queen of England, and others, its rule was
approved by Pope Clement XI. It was not in ac-
cordance with the discipline of the Church at that
time to approve any institute of simple vows. The
pope was willing, however, to approve the institute
as such, if the members would accept enclosure.
But fidelity to their traditions, and experience of the
benefit arising from non-enclosure in their special
vocation, induced them to forego this further con-
firmation. The houses in Paris and in Rome were
given up about the date of the confirmation of the
rule in 1703. St. Polten (1706) was the first foun-
dation from Mimich after the Bull of Clement XI.
In 1742 the houses in Austria and its dependencies
were by a Bull of Benedict XIV made a separate
province of the institute, and placed under a separate
superior-general. The Austrian branch at present
(1909) consists of fourteen houses. In Italy, Lodi
and Vicenza have each two dependent filials. When
the armies of the first Napoleon overran Bavaria in
1809, the mother-house in Munich and the other
houses of the institute in Germany — Augsburg, Burg-
hausen, and .\lt6tting excepted — were broken up and
the communities scattered. On the restoration of
peace to Europe, King Louis I of Bavaria obtained
nuns from Augsburg, and established them at Nymph-
enburg, where a portion of the royal palace was made
over to them. In 1840 Madame Catherine de Grac-
cho, the superior of this house, was appointed by
Gregory XVI general superior of the whole Bavarian
institute. At the present day there are 85 houses
under Bavaria, with 1153 memliers, 90 postulants,
1225 boarders, 11,447 day pupils, and 1472 orphans.
Four houses in India, one at Rome, and two in
England are subject to Nymphenburg. The house in
Mainz escaped secularization, being .spared by Na-
poleon on the condition that all connexion with
Bavaria should cease. It is now the mother-house
of a branch which has eight filial houses.
When vigour was reviving in the institute abroad, the Irish branch was founded (1821) at Rathfarnham, near Dublin, by Frances Ball, an Irish lady, who had made her novitiate at York. There are now 19 houses of the institute in Ireland, 13 subject to Rath- farnham and 6 under their respective bishops. The dependencies of Rathfarnham are in all parts of the world — 3 houses in Spain, 2 in Mauritius, 2 at Gibraltar, 10 in India, 2 in Africa, 10 in Australia, with a Central Training College for teachers at Melbourne (1906). There are 8 houses of the institute in Canada, 3 in the United States, 7 in England, about 180 houses in all. Owing to the variety of names and the independence of branches and houses, theessentialunitycif f he institute is not readily recognized. The " Engli.sh Virgins ", or "English Ladies", is the title under which the mem- bers are known in Germany and Italy, whilst in Ire- land, and where foimdations from Ireland have lieen made, the name best known is "Loretto Nuns", from the name of the famous Italian shrine given to the mother-house at Rathfarnham. Each branch has its own novitiate, and several have their special consti- tutions approved by the Holy See. The "Institute of Mary" is the official title of all; all follow the rule approved for them by Clement XI, and share in the approbation of their institute given by Pius IX, in 1877.
The sisters devote themselves principally to the education of girls in boarding-schools and academies, but they are also active in primary and secondary schools, in the training of teachers, instruction in the trades and domestic economy, and the care of or- phans. Several members of the institute have also l)ecome known as writers.
Chambers, Life of Mart/ Ward (.London, 1885); Morris. The Life of Mary Ward in The Month (Nov., 1885); Archives of the archbishops of Munich.
M. Loyola.
